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Smart contracts are software programs that enable diverse business activities on the blockchain. Recent research has identified new classes of "machine un-auditable" bugs that arise from both transactional contexts and source code. Existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Sally Junsong Wang , Kexin Pei , Junfeng Yang

With the development of blockchain technologies, the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain platforms is growing exponentially, which makes it difficult for users to find desired services by manual screening. The automatic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chaochen Shi , Yong Xiang , Robin Ram Mohan Doss , Jiangshan Yu , Keshav Sood , Longxiang Gao

Hackers may create malicious solidity programs and deploy it in the Ethereum block chain. These malicious smart contracts try to attack legitimate programs by exploiting its vulnerabilities such as reentrancy, tx.origin attack, bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Roopak Surendran

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They are immutable and cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. Therefore, ensuring smart contracts are bug-free and well-designed before deploying them to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Jiachi Chen , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Xiapu Luo , Ting Chen

Smart contracts are fundamental pillars of the blockchain, playing a crucial role in facilitating various business transactions. However, these smart contracts are vulnerable to exploitable bugs that can lead to substantial monetary losses.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xingshuang Lin , Qinge Xie , Binbin Zhao , Yuan Tian , Saman Zonouz , Na Ruan , Jiliang Li , Raheem Beyah , Shouling Ji

In the case of upgrading smart contracts on blockchain systems, it is essential to consider the continuity of upgrades and subsequent maintenance. In practice, upgrade operations often introduce new vulnerabilities. Existing static analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiaoqi Li , Lei Xie , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li

Smart contracts are programs that execute transactions involving independent parties and cryptocurrencies. As programs, smart contracts are susceptible to a wide range of errors and vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities can result in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Sundas Munir , Walid Taha

The rise of modern blockchains has facilitated the emergence of smart contracts: autonomous programs that live and run on the blockchain. Smart contracts have seen a rapid climb to prominence, with applications predicted in law, business,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Lexi Brent , Anton Jurisevic , Michael Kong , Eric Liu , Francois Gauthier , Vincent Gramoli , Ralph Holz , Bernhard Scholz

The security of smart contracts, which are an important part of blockchain technology, has attracted much attention. In particular, reentrancy vulnerability, which is hidden and complex, poses a great threat to smart contracts. In order to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Chang Chu

The centralization of Large Language Models (LLMs) development has created significant barriers to AI advancement, limiting the democratization of these powerful technologies. This centralization, coupled with the scarcity of high-quality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zan-Kai Chong , Hiroyuki Ohsaki , Bryan Ng

Blockchain recently became very popular due to its use in cryptocurrencies and potential application in various domains (e.g., retail, healthcare, insurance). The smart contract is a key part of blockchain systems and specifies an agreement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Fernando Richter Vidal , Naghmeh Ivaki , Nuno Laranjeiro

Large Language Models are a promising tool for automated vulnerability detection, thanks to their success in code generation and repair. However, despite widespread adoption, a critical question remains: Are LLMs truly effective at…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yue Li , Xiao Li , Hao Wu , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Smart contracts deployed on blockchain platforms are vulnerable to various security vulnerabilities. However, only a small number of Ethereum contracts have released their source code, so vulnerability detection at the bytecode level is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiuyang Bu , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li , Zeng Zhang , Xiaoqi Li

Smart contracts are software programs featuring both traditional applications and distributed data storage on blockchains. Ethereum is a prominent blockchain platform with the support of smart contracts. The smart contracts act as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Purathani Praitheeshan , Lei Pan , Jiangshan Yu , Joseph Liu , Robin Doss

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are reshaping society's production methods and productivity, and also changing the paradigm of scientific research. Among them, the AI language model represented by…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Haoxiang Luo , Jian Luo , Athanasios V. Vasilakos

A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol (rules of contract) based on the consensus architecture of blockchain. Smart contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Norah M. Alshahrani , M. L. Mat Kiah , B. B. Zaidan , A. H. Alamoodi , Abdu Saif

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in various tasks, including those requiring human-level intelligence, such as vulnerability detection. However, recent efforts to use LLMs for vulnerability detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yuqiang Sun , Daoyuan Wu , Yue Xue , Han Liu , Wei Ma , Lyuye Zhang , Yang Liu , Yingjiu Li

Web 3.0 is the third generation of the World Wide Web (WWW), concentrating on the critical concepts of decentralization, availability, and increasing client usability. Although Web 3.0 is undoubtedly an essential component of the future…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Md Arif Hassan , Cong T. Nguyen , Chi-Hieu Nguyen , Dinh Thai Hoang , Diep N. Nguyen , Eryk Dutkiewicz

Deep learning-based approaches, particularly those leveraging pre-trained language models (PLMs), have shown promise in automated software vulnerability detection. However, existing methods are predominantly limited to specific programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Junji Yu , Honglin Shu , Michael Fu , Dong Wang , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Yasutaka Kamei , Junjie Chen

The immutability of smart contracts on blockchain platforms like Ethereum promotes security and trustworthiness but presents challenges for updates, bug fixes, or adding new features post-deployment. These limitations can lead to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Ilham Qasse , Isra M. Ali , Nafisa Ahmed , Mohammad Hamdaqa , Björn Þór Jónsson