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Large language models (LLMs) are the foundation of the current successes of artificial intelligence (AI), however, they are unavoidably biased. To effectively communicate the risks and encourage mitigation efforts these models need adequate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Carolin M. Schuster , Maria-Alexandra Dinisor , Shashwat Ghatiwala , Georg Groh

Large language models (LLMs) often reflect real-world biases, leading to efforts to mitigate these effects and make the models unbiased. Achieving this goal requires defining clear criteria for an unbiased state, with any deviation from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Changgeon Ko , Jisu Shin , Hoyun Song , Jeongyeon Seo , Jong C. Park

Large language models (LLMs) often inherit and amplify social biases embedded in their training data. A prominent social bias is gender bias. In this regard, prior work has mainly focused on gender stereotyping bias - the association of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Erik Derner , Sara Sansalvador de la Fuente , Yoan Gutiérrez , Paloma Moreda , Nuria Oliver

Recent literature has suggested the potential of using large language models (LLMs) to make classifications for tabular tasks. However, LLMs have been shown to exhibit harmful social biases that reflect the stereotypes and inequalities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yanchen Liu , Srishti Gautam , Jiaqi Ma , Himabindu Lakkaraju

With the evolution of large language models (LLMs), their robustness against individual simple biases has been enhanced. However, we observe that the ensemble of multiple simple biases still exerts a significant adverse impact on LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhouhao Sun , Zhiyuan Kan , Xiao Ding , Li Du , Bibo Cai , Yang Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Warning: This paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. There has been a significant increase in the usage of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, both in their original form and through fine-tuned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jiaxu Zhao , Meng Fang , Shirui Pan , Wenpeng Yin , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Large Language Models (LLMs) push the bound-aries in natural language processing and generative AI, driving progress across various aspects of modern society. Unfortunately, the pervasive issue of bias in LLMs responses (i.e., predictions)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Isabela Pereira Gregio , Ian Pons , Anna Helena Reali Costa , Artur Jordão

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being adopted across a wide range of tasks, including decision-making processes in industries where bias in AI systems is a significant concern. Recent research indicates that LLMs can harbor implicit biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Divyanshu Kumar , Umang Jain , Sahil Agarwal , Prashanth Harshangi

We present a large-scale evaluation of 30 cognitive biases in 20 state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) under various decision-making scenarios. Our contributions include a novel general-purpose test framework for reliable and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Simon Malberg , Roman Poletukhin , Carolin M. Schuster , Georg Groh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled at language understanding and generating human-level text. However, even with supervised training and human alignment, these LLMs are susceptible to adversarial attacks where malicious users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shachi H Kumar , Saurav Sahay , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eda Okur , Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Nicole Beckage , Hsuan Su , Hung-yi Lee , Lama Nachman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in Natural Language Processing but remain vulnerable to fairness-related issues, often reflecting biases inherent in their training data. These biases pose risks, particularly when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Harishwar Reddy , Madhusudan Srinivasan , Upulee Kanewala

Text classification is a crucial task encountered frequently in practical scenarios, yet it is still under-explored in the era of large language models (LLMs). This study shows that LLMs are vulnerable to changes in the number and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Zhenyi Lu , Jie Tian , Wei Wei , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng , Wenfeng xie , Dangyang Chen

Large language models (LLMs) inherit biases from their training data and alignment processes, influencing their responses in subtle ways. While many studies have examined these biases, little work has explored their robustness during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Virgile Rennard , Christos Xypolopoulos , Michalis Vazirgiannis

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has sparked intense debate regarding the prevalence of bias in these models and its mitigation. Yet, as exemplified by both results on debiasing methods in the literature and reports of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 David F. Jenny , Yann Billeter , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have established them as powerful tools across numerous domains. However, persistent concerns about embedded biases, such as gender, racial, and cultural biases arising from their training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hadi Mohammadi , Yasmeen F. S. S. Meijer , Efthymia Papadopoulou , Ayoub Bagheri

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts where their outputs influence real-world decisions. However, evaluating bias in LLM outputs remains methodologically challenging due to sensitivity to prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 William Guey , Wei Zhang , Pei-Luen Patrick Rau , Pierrick Bougault , Vitor D. de Moura , Bertan Ucar , Jose O. Gomes

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have risen in prominence over the past few years, there has been concern over the potential biases in LLMs inherited from the training data. Previous studies have examined how LLMs exhibit implicit bias, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Lake Yin , Fan Huang

The Large Language Model Bias Index (LLMBI) is a pioneering approach designed to quantify and address biases inherent in large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4. We recognise the increasing prevalence and impact of LLMs across diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Abiodun Finbarrs Oketunji , Muhammad Anas , Deepthi Saina

As large language models (LLMs) become an important way of information access, there have been increasing concerns that LLMs may intensify the spread of unethical content, including implicit bias that hurts certain populations without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Yuchen Wen , Keping Bi , Wei Chen , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui