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Neural speech codecs have been widely used in audio compression and various downstream tasks. Current mainstream codecs are fixed-frame-rate (FFR), which allocate the same number of tokens to every equal-duration slice. However, speech is…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-04 Hankun Wang , Yiwei Guo , Chongtian Shao , Bohan Li , Kai Yu

Neural audio codecs are foundational to speech language models. It is expected to have a low frame rate and decoupled semantic and acoustic information. A lower frame rate codec can reduce the computational cost of speech language models by…

Neural audio/speech coding has recently demonstrated its capability to deliver high quality at much lower bitrates than traditional methods. However, existing neural audio/speech codecs employ either acoustic features or learned blind…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Xue Jiang , Xiulian Peng , Huaying Xue , Yuan Zhang , Yan Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced audio processing through audio codecs that convert audio into discrete tokens, enabling the application of language modeling techniques to audio data. However, audio codecs often…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Edresson Casanova , Ryan Langman , Paarth Neekhara , Shehzeen Hussain , Jason Li , Subhankar Ghosh , Ante Jukić , Sang-gil Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across diverse fields, establishing a powerful paradigm for complex information processing. This has inspired the integration of speech into LLM frameworks, often by…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Xiangyu Zhang , Fuming Fang , Peng Gao , Bin Qin , Beena Ahmed , Julien Epps

Neural speech codecs have demonstrated their ability to compress high-quality speech and audio by converting them into discrete token representations. Most existing methods utilize Residual Vector Quantization (RVQ) to encode speech into…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Peiji Yang , Fengping Wang , Yicheng Zhong , Huawei Wei , Zhisheng Wang

Deep-learning based methods have shown their advantages in audio coding over traditional ones but limited attention has been paid on real-time communications (RTC). This paper proposes the TFNet, an end-to-end neural speech codec with low…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Xue Jiang , Xiulian Peng , Chengyu Zheng , Huaying Xue , Yuan Zhang , Yan Lu

Neural audio codecs are at the core of modern conversational speech technologies, converting continuous speech into sequences of discrete tokens that can be processed by LLMs. However, existing codecs typically operate at fixed frame rates,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Luca Della Libera , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

Language model based text-to-speech (TTS) models, like VALL-E, have gained attention for their outstanding in-context learning capability in zero-shot scenarios. Neural speech codec is a critical component of these models, which can convert…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yong Ren , Tao Wang , Jiangyan Yi , Le Xu , Jianhua Tao , Chuyuan Zhang , Junzuo Zhou

Existing speech tokenizers typically assign a fixed number of tokens per second, regardless of the varying information density or temporal fluctuations in the speech signal. This uniform token allocation mismatches the intrinsic structure…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-14 Rui-Chen Zheng , Wenrui Liu , Hui-Peng Du , Qinglin Zhang , Chong Deng , Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Yang Ai , Zhen-Hua Ling

In this paper, we propose a neural-based coding scheme in which an artificial neural network is exploited to automatically compress and decompress speech signals by a trainable approach. Having a two-stage training phase, the system can be…

Sound · Computer Science 2016-01-25 Mahmood Yousefi-Azar , Farbod Razzazi

Training neural video codec (NVC) with variable rate is a highly challenging task due to its complex training strategies and model structure. In this paper, we train an efficient variable bitrate neural video codec (EV-NVC) with the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yongcun Hu , Yingzhen Zhai , Jixiang Luo , Wenrui Dai , Dell Zhang , Hongkai Xiong , Xuelong Li

Nowadays, more and more video transmissions primarily aim at downstream machine vision tasks rather than humans. While widely deployed Human Visual System (HVS) oriented video coding standards like H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC are efficient,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Yuxiao Sun , Yao Zhao , Meiqin Liu , Chao Yao , Huihui Bai , Chunyu Lin , Weisi Lin

We propose \textbf{U-Codec}, an \textbf{U}ltra low frame-rate neural speech \textbf{Codec} that achieves high-fidelity reconstruction and fast speech generation at an extremely low frame-rate of 5Hz (5 frames per second). Extreme…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xusheng Yang , Long Zhou , Wenfu Wang , Kai Hu , Shulin Feng , Chenxing Li , Meng Yu , Dong Yu , Yuexian Zou

Neural speech codecs have gained great attention for their outstanding reconstruction with discrete token representations. It is a crucial component in generative tasks such as speech coding and large language models (LLM). However, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Youqiang Zheng , Weiping Tu , Yueteng Kang , Jie Chen , Yike Zhang , Li Xiao , Yuhong Yang , Long Ma

Neural video compression (NVC) has demonstrated superior compression efficiency, yet effective rate control remains a significant challenge due to complex temporal dependencies. Existing rate control schemes typically leverage frame content…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Wuyang Cong , Junqi Shi , Lizhong Wang , Weijing Shi , Ming Lu , Hao Chen , Zhan Ma

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing through self-supervised pretraining on massive datasets. Inspired by this success, researchers have explored adapting these methods to speech by discretizing continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Luca Della Libera , Francesco Paissan , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

We present a scalable and efficient neural waveform coding system for speech compression. We formulate the speech coding problem as an autoencoding task, where a convolutional neural network (CNN) performs encoding and decoding as a neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-30 Kai Zhen , Jongmo Sung , Mi Suk Lee , Seungkwon Beak , Minje Kim

To fit diverse display and bandwidth constraints, high-frame-rate videos are temporally downscaled to low-frame-rate (LFR) and later upscaled, requiring joint optimization for effective frame-rate rescaling. However, existing methods…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-18 Xinmin Feng , Li Li , Dong Liu , Feng Wu

Existing video recognition algorithms always conduct different training pipelines for inputs with different frame numbers, which requires repetitive training operations and multiplying storage costs. If we evaluate the model using other…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Yitian Zhang , Yue Bai , Chang Liu , Huan Wang , Sheng Li , Yun Fu
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