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As with classical neural networks, quantum machine learning (QML) models are vulnerable to small input perturbations that can significantly alter output predictions. Certifying the robustness of QML models, particularly on NISQ hardware, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Ji Guan , Mingsheng Ying

Despite their ever more widespread deployment throughout society, machine learning algorithms remain critically vulnerable to being spoofed by subtle adversarial tampering with their input data. The prospect of near-term quantum computers…

Quantum machine learning (QML) continues to be an area of tremendous interest from research and industry. While QML models have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks much in the same manner as classical machine learning models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Maximilian Wendlinger , Kilian Tscharke , Pascal Debus

By leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, QML opens doors to novel approaches in machine learning and offers potential speedup. However, machine learning models are well-documented to be vulnerable to malicious manipulations, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Bacui Li , Tansu Alpcan , Chandra Thapa , Udaya Parampalli

Machine learning (ML) methods such as artificial neural networks are rapidly becoming ubiquitous in modern science, technology and industry. Despite their accuracy and sophistication, neural networks can be easily fooled by carefully…

Recent advancements in quantum computing have led to the emergence of hybrid quantum neural networks, such as Quanvolutional Neural Networks (QuNNs), which integrate quantum and classical layers. While the susceptibility of classical neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Walid El Maouaki , Alberto Marchisio , Taoufik Said , Muhammad Shafique , Mohamed Bennai

State-of-the-art classical neural networks are observed to be vulnerable to small crafted adversarial perturbations. A more severe vulnerability has been noted for quantum machine learning (QML) models classifying Haar-random pure states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-10 Haoran Liao , Ian Convy , William J. Huggins , K. Birgitta Whaley

Machine learning models and their applications, such as autonomous driving systems, are becoming increasingly common and are essential components of human daily life. However, due to their sensitivity to perturbed noise, these models are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Ban Q. Tran , Chuong K. Luong , Viet Q. Nguyen , Duong M. Chu , Susan Mengel

Recent advancements in quantum computing have led to the development of hybrid quantum neural networks (HQNNs) that employ a mixed set of quantum layers and classical layers, such as Quanvolutional Neural Networks (QuNNs). While several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-01 Walid El Maouaki , Alberto Marchisio , Taoufik Said , Mohamed Bennai , Muhammad Shafique

Leveraging the unique properties of quantum mechanics, Quantum Machine Learning (QML) promises computational breakthroughs and enriched perspectives where traditional systems reach their boundaries. However, similarly to classical machine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 David Winderl , Nicola Franco , Jeanette Miriam Lorenz

The burgeoning fields of machine learning (ML) and quantum machine learning (QML) have shown remarkable potential in tackling complex problems across various domains. However, their susceptibility to adversarial attacks raises concerns when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Iysa Iqbal , MD Hossain , M. A. Karim , Victor Clincy , Razvan Voicu

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has recently emerged as a highly promising research frontier. Within this domain, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs),characterized by Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) at their core and featuring layers of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Ban Q. Tran , Duong M. Chu , Hai T. D. Pham , Viet Q. Nguyen , Quan A. Pham , Susan Mengel

Quantum computing promises to enhance machine learning and artificial intelligence. Different quantum algorithms have been proposed to improve a wide spectrum of machine learning tasks. Yet, recent theoretical works show that, similar to…

Quantum machine learning (QML) sits at the intersection of quantum computing and classical machine learning, offering the prospect of new computational paradigms and advantages for processing complex data. This chapter introduces the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Lirandë Pira , Patrick Rebentrost

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) integrates quantum computing with classical machine learning, primarily to solve classification, regression and generative tasks. However, its rapid development raises critical security challenges in the Noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Archisman Ghosh , Satwik Kundu , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) integrates quantum computational principles into learning algorithms, offering improved representational capacity and computational efficiency. However, the security and robustness of QML systems remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Saeefa Rubaiyet Nowmi , Jesus Lopez , Md Mahmudul Alam Imon , Shahrooz Pouryousef , Mohammad Saidur Rahman

Deep neural networks remain highly vulnerable to adversarial perturbations, limiting their reliability in security- and safety-critical applications. To address this challenge, we introduce QShield, a modular hybrid quantum-classical neural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Navid Azimi , Aditya Prakash , Yao Wang , Li Xiong

Quantum computing promises a disruptive impact on machine learning algorithms, taking advantage of the exponentially large Hilbert space available. However, it is not clear how to scale quantum machine learning (QML) to industrial-level…

Quantum machine learning (QML) is promising for potential speedups and improvements in conventional machine learning (ML) tasks (e.g., classification/regression). The search for ideal QML models is an active research field. This includes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-07 Mahabubul Alam , Swaroop Ghosh

Quantum machine learning (QML) has emerged as a promising area of research for enhancing the performance of classical machine learning systems by leveraging quantum computational principles. However, practical deployment of QML remains…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Amena Khatun , Muhammad Usman
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