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The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology shows great potential in sixth-generation (6G) terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) since it can effectively change wireless settings to improve connectivity. Extensive…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Wali Ullah Khan , Eva Lagunas , Asad Mahmood , Muhammad Asif , Manzoor Ahmed , Symeon Chatzinotas

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a new architecture for RIS where elements are interconnected to provide more wave manipulation flexibility than traditional single connected RIS, enhancing data rate and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Bruno Sokal , Fazal-E-Asim , André L. F. de Almeida , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing wireless communication by intelligently manipulating the propagation environment. This paper explores the potential of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-21 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

This letter focuses on a transmitter or base station (BS) side beyond-diagonal reflecting intelligent surface (BD-RIS) deployment strategy to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of a time-division-duplex massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Anup Mishra , Yijie Mao , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are two dimensional (2D) metasurfaces which can intelligently manipulate electromagnetic waves by low-cost near passive reflecting elements. RIS is viewed as a potential key technology for the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-07 Jie Huang , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Yingzhuo Sun , Rui Feng , Jialing Huang , Bolun Guo , Zhimeng Zhong , Tie Jun Cui

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) allow controlling the propagation environment in wireless networks through reconfigurable elements. Recently, beyond diagonal RISs (BD-RISs) have been proposed as novel RIS architectures whose…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) significantly improve wireless performance by allowing tunable interconnections among elements, but their design in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has so far…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Ignacio Santamaria , Mohammad Soleymani , Jesus Gutierrez , Eduard Jorswieck

This paper investigates the limits to which a passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) can reshape a point-to-point Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel in terms of singular values and their functions (e.g., achievable rate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Yang Zhao , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx , Massimo Franceschetti

The beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a recent architecture in which scattering elements are interconnected to enhance the degrees of freedom for wave control, yielding performance gains over traditional…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Gilderlan Tavares de Araújo , André L. F. de Almeida , Buno Sokal , Gabor Fodor

Curved reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) represent a promising frontier for next-generation wireless communication, enabling adaptive wavefront control on nonplanar platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles and urban…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-02 Filippo Pepe , Ivan Iudice , Giuseppe Castaldi , Marco Di Renzo , Vincenzo Galdi

Wireless communications are nowadays shifting to higher operation frequencies with the aim to meet the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth. While reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are usually envisioned to restore the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-02 Giorgos Stratidakis , Sotiris Droulias , Angeliki Alexiou

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging technology allowing to control the propagation environment in wireless communications. Recently, beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) has been proposed to reach higher performance than…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

This paper investigates the integration of beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) into cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) systems, focusing on applications involving simultaneous wireless…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Thien Duc Hua , Mohammadali Mohammadi , Hien Quoc Ngo , Michail Matthaiou

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have been actively researched as a potential technique for future wireless communications, which intelligently ameliorate the signal propagation environment. In the conventional design, each RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Ibrahim Hemadeh , Arman Shojaeifard , Alain A. M. Mourad , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Radio frequency (RF) wireless power transfer (WPT) is a promising technology to seamlessly charge low-power devices, but its low end-to-end power transfer efficiency remains a critical challenge. To address the latter, low-cost…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Amirhossein Azarbahram , Onel L. A. Lopez , Bruno Clerckx , Marco Di Renzo , Matti Latva-Aho

We consider the optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)-aided multi-user (MU) cell-free (CF)-massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems, where the propagation environment design achieved…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-18 Iván Alexander Morales Sandoval , Marko Fidanovski , Hyeon Seok Rou , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson

This work focuses on the synergy of rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) and beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) to enlarge the coverage, improve the performance, and save on antennas. Specifically, we employ a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) is a promising technology for further improving spectral efficiency (SE) with low cost and power consumption. However, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yizhuo Li , Jiakang Zheng , Bokai Xu , Yiyang Zhu , Jiayi Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Bo Ai

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) can realize the interconnection between reflecting elements through the impedance network, thereby providing a new approach for the performance improvement of integrated sensing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuejun Cheng , Qian Zhang , Yuhui Jiao , Shiyao Guo , Xiaotong Xu , Guanghui Luo , Ju Liu

The integration of tunability mechanisms in the metasurface design has unleashed a tremendous potential for wireless communications. In particular, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can manipulate the reflections of an incident…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Vasileios G. Ataloglou , George V. Eleftheriades