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While significant progress has been made in research and development on open-source and cost-efficient large-language models (LLMs), serving scalability remains a critical challenge, particularly for small organizations and individuals…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Fei Fang , Yifan Hua , Shengze Wang , Ruilin Zhou , Yi Liu , Chen Qian , Xiaoxue Zhang

This review report discusses the cold start latency in serverless inference and existing solutions. It particularly reviews the ServerlessLLM method, a system designed to address the cold start problem in serverless inference for large…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Himel Ghosh

LLM inference serving typically scales out with a two-tier architecture: a cluster router distributes requests to multiple inference engines, each of which then in turn performs its own internal scheduling. However, this commonly used…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yue Zhang , Yuansheng Chen , Xuan Mo , Alex Xi , Jialun Li , WeiGang Wu

Large language model (LLM) serving demands low latency and high throughput, but high load variability makes it challenging to achieve high GPU utilization. In this paper, we identify a synergetic but overlooked opportunity to co-serve…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Yifan Qiao , Shu Anzai , Shan Yu , Haoran Ma , Shuo Yang , Yang Wang , Miryung Kim , Yongji Wu , Yang Zhou , Jiarong Xing , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica , Harry Xu

In this paper, we propose DEEPSERVE, a scalable and serverless AI platform designed to efficiently serve large language models (LLMs) at scale in cloud environments. DEEPSERVE addresses key challenges such as resource allocation, serving…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Junhao Hu , Jiang Xu , Zhixia Liu , Yulong He , Yuetao Chen , Hao Xu , Jiang Liu , Jie Meng , Baoquan Zhang , Shining Wan , Gengyuan Dan , Zhiyu Dong , Zhihao Ren , Changhong Liu , Tao Xie , Dayun Lin , Qin Zhang , Yue Yu , Hao Feng , Xusheng Chen , Yizhou Shan

AI WiFi offload is emerging as a promising approach for providing large language model (LLM) services to resource-constrained wireless devices. However, unlike conventional edge computing, LLM inference over WiFi must jointly address…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Mingqi Han , Xinghua Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved near-human performance across diverse reasoning tasks, yet their deployment on resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices remains impractical due to massive parameter footprints and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Mingyu Sung , Vikas Palakonda , Suhwan Im , Sunghwan Moon , Il-Min Kim , Sangseok Yun , Jae-Mo Kang

Recently, there has been an extensive research effort in building efficient large language model (LLM) inference serving systems. These efforts not only include innovations in the algorithm and software domains but also constitute…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jaehong Cho , Minsu Kim , Hyunmin Choi , Guseul Heo , Jongse Park

Large Language Models (LLMs) can perform zero-shot learning on unseen tasks and few-shot learning on complex reasoning tasks. However, resource-limited mobile edge networks struggle to support long-context LLM serving for LLM agents during…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Minrui Xu , Dusit Niyato , Christopher G. Brinton

Deploying multiple models within shared GPU clusters is a key strategy to improve resource efficiency in large language model (LLM) serving. Existing multi-LLM serving systems improve GPU utilization at the cost of degraded inference…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chiheng Lou , Sheng Qi , Rui Kang , Yong Zhang , Chen Sun , Pengcheng Wang , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Large language models (LLMs) are widely applied in chatbots, code generators, and search engines. Workload such as chain-of-throught, complex reasoning, agent services significantly increase the inference cost by invoke the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Sihyeong Park , Sungryeol Jeon , Chaelyn Lee , Seokhun Jeon , Byung-Soo Kim , Jemin Lee

Cascade systems, consisting of a lightweight model processing all samples and a heavier, high-accuracy model refining challenging samples, have become a widely-adopted distributed inference approach to achieving high accuracy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sokratis Nikolaidis , Stylianos I. Venieris , Iakovos S. Venieris

As LLM deployments scale over more hardware, the probability of a single failure in a system increases significantly, and cloud operators must consider robust countermeasures to handle these inevitable failures. A common recovery approach…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Haley Li , Xinglu Wang , Cong Feng , Chunxu Zuo , Yanan Wang , Hei Lo , Yufei Cui , Bingji Wang , Duo Cui , Shuming Jing , Yizhou Shan , Ying Xiong , Jiannan Wang , Yong Zhang , Zhenan Fan

Large language models (LLMs) deployed on edge servers are increasingly used in latency-sensitive applications such as personalized assistants, recommendation, and content moderation. However, the non-stationary nature of user data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yufei Li , Yu Fu , Yue Dong , Cong Liu

Distributed inference of large language models (LLMs) using tensor parallelism can introduce communication overheads of $20$% even over GPUs connected via NVLink, a high-speed GPU interconnect. Several techniques have been proposed to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Raja Gond , Nipun Kwatra , Ramachandran Ramjee

Modern large language model (LLM) applications exhibit diverse service-level objectives (SLOs), from low-latency requirements in interactive coding assistants to more relaxed constraints in data wrangling tasks. Existing LLM serving…

Device-cloud collaboration holds promise for deploying large language models (LLMs), leveraging lightweight on-device models for efficiency while relying on powerful cloud models for superior reasoning. A central challenge in this setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wenzhi Fang , Dong-Jun Han , Liangqi Yuan , Evan Chen , Christopher Brinton

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), efficiently serving LLM inference under limited GPU resources has become a critical challenge. Recently, an increasing number of studies have explored applying serverless computing…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zijie Su , Muhammed Tawfiqul Islam , Mohammad Goudarzi , Adel N. Toosi

This paper presents ServerlessLLM, a distributed system designed to support low-latency serverless inference for Large Language Models (LLMs). By harnessing the substantial near-GPU storage and memory capacities of inference servers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Yao Fu , Leyang Xue , Yeqi Huang , Andrei-Octavian Brabete , Dmitrii Ustiugov , Yuvraj Patel , Luo Mai

The field of efficient Large Language Model (LLM) inference is rapidly evolving, presenting a unique blend of opportunities and challenges. Although the field has expanded and is vibrant, there hasn't been a concise framework that analyzes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Zhihang Yuan , Yuzhang Shang , Yang Zhou , Zhen Dong , Zhe Zhou , Chenhao Xue , Bingzhe Wu , Zhikai Li , Qingyi Gu , Yong Jae Lee , Yan Yan , Beidi Chen , Guangyu Sun , Kurt Keutzer