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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a class of supervised learning tasks and techniques that also exploits the unlabeled data for training. SSL significantly reduces labeling related costs and is able to handle large data sets. The primary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-30 Eftychios Protopapadakis

Self-supervised learning (SSL) techniques have been widely used to learn compact and informative representations from high-dimensional complex data. In many computer vision tasks, such as image classification, such methods achieve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Chintan Trivedi , Konstantinos Makantasis , Antonios Liapis , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Self-supervised learning (SSL) algorithms have emerged as powerful tools that can leverage large quantities of unlabeled audio data to pre-train robust representations that support strong performance on diverse downstream tasks. Up to now…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-05 Mattson Ogg

Self-supervised pre-trained audio networks have seen widespread adoption in real-world systems, particularly in multi-modal large language models. These networks are often employed in a frozen state, under the assumption that the SSL…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Tony Alex , Sara Ahmed , Armin Mustafa , Muhammad Awais , Philip JB Jackson

This document presents some early explorations of applying Softly Masked Language Modelling (SMLM) to symbolic music generation. SMLM can be seen as a generalisation of masked language modelling (MLM), where instead of each element of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Nicolas Jonason , Bob L. T. Sturm

Many self-supervised learning (SSL) methods have been successful in learning semantically meaningful visual representations by solving pretext tasks. However, prior work in SSL focuses on tasks like object recognition or detection, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Donghyun Kim , Kuniaki Saito , Samarth Mishra , Stan Sclaroff , Kate Saenko , Bryan A Plummer

In large part due to their implicit semantic modeling, self-supervised learning (SSL) methods have significantly increased the performance of valence recognition in speech emotion recognition (SER) systems. Yet, their large size may often…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-20 Danilo de Oliveira , Navin Raj Prabhu , Timo Gerkmann

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as a promising paradigm in medical imaging, addressing the chronic challenge of limited labeled data in healthcare settings. While SSL has shown impressive results, existing studies in the medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Valay Bundele , Karahan Sarıtaş , Bora Kargi , Oğuz Ata Çal , Kıvanç Tezören , Zohreh Ghaderi , Hendrik Lensch

Self-supervised learning (SSL) methods are popular since they can address situations with limited annotated data by directly utilising the underlying data distribution. However, the adoption of such methods is not explored enough in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-01 Joseph Geo Benjamin , Mothilal Asokan , Amna Alhosani , Hussain Alasmawi , Werner Gerhard Diehl , Leanne Bricker , Karthik Nandakumar , Mohammad Yaqub

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has proven vital in speech and audio-related applications. The paradigm trains a general model on unlabeled data that can later be used to solve specific downstream tasks. This type of model is costly to train…

Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) imaging has become a crucial technology for underwater exploration because of its unique ability to maintain resolution at increasing ranges, a characteristic absent in conventional sonar techniques. However,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-24 Brandon Sheffield , Frank E. Bobe , Bradley Marchand , Matthew S. Emigh

Contrastive learning and equivariant learning are effective methods for self-supervised learning (SSL) for audio content analysis. Yet, their application to music information retrieval (MIR) faces a dilemma: the former is more effective on…

Since the introduction of Masked Autoencoders, various improvements to masking techniques have been explored. In this paper, we rethink masking strategies for audio representation learning using masked prediction-based self-supervised…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Daisuke Niizumi , Daiki Takeuchi , Masahiro Yasuda , Binh Thien Nguyen , Noboru Harada , Nobutaka Ono

A major limitation in applying deep learning to artificial intelligence (AI) systems is the scarcity of high-quality curated datasets. We investigate strong augmentation based self-supervised learning (SSL) techniques to address this…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-18 John D. Miller , Vignesh A. Arasu , Albert X. Pu , Laurie R. Margolies , Weiva Sieh , Li Shen

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has revolutionized learning from large-scale unlabeled datasets, yet the intrinsic relationship between pretraining data and the learned representations remains poorly understood. Traditional supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Nidhin Harilal , Amit Kiran Rege , Reza Akbarian Bafghi , Maziar Raissi , Claire Monteleoni

Remote sensing data has been widely used for various Earth Observation (EO) missions such as land use and cover classification, weather forecasting, agricultural management, and environmental monitoring. Most existing remote sensing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Xin Zhang , Liangxiu Han

In recent years, neural architecture-based recommender systems have achieved tremendous success, but they still fall short of expectation when dealing with highly sparse data. Self-supervised learning (SSL), as an emerging technique for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Junliang Yu , Hongzhi Yin , Xin Xia , Tong Chen , Jundong Li , Zi Huang

Despite the empirical successes of self-supervised learning (SSL) methods, it is unclear what characteristics of their representations lead to high downstream accuracies. In this work, we characterize properties that SSL representations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yann Dubois , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Stefano Ermon , Percy Liang

In the era of transformer models, masked self-supervised learning (SSL) has become a foundational training paradigm. A defining feature of masked SSL is that training aggregates predictions across many masking patterns, giving rise to a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-02 Arie Wortsman Zurich , Federica Gerace , Bruno Loureiro , Yue M. Lu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable visual reasoning abilities in natural images, text-rich documents, and graphic designs. However, their ability to interpret music sheets remains underexplored. To bridge this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Jian Chen , Wenye Ma , Penghang Liu , Wei Wang , Tengwei Song , Ming Li , Chenguang Wang , Jiayu Qin , Ruiyi Zhang , Changyou Chen
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