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The rise of Omni-modal Large Language Models (OLLMs), which integrate visual and auditory processing with text, necessitates robust safety evaluations to mitigate harmful outputs. However, no dedicated benchmarks currently exist for OLLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Leyi Pan , Zheyu Fu , Yunpeng Zhai , Shuchang Tao , Sheng Guan , Shiyu Huang , Lingzhe Zhang , Zhaoyang Liu , Bolin Ding , Felix Henry , Aiwei Liu , Lijie Wen

Recent multi-modal Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4o have demonstrated strong capabilities of direct speech interaction. However, the lack of specialized and comprehensive benchmarks for end-to-end speech LLM evaluation hinders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Linhao Zhang , Jian Zhang , Bokai Lei , Chuhan Wu , Aiwei Liu , Wei Jia , Xiao Zhou

Audio-aware large language models (ALLMs) can understand the textual and non-textual information in the audio input. In this paper, we explore using ALLMs as an automatic judge to assess the speaking styles of speeches. We use ALLM judges…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-09 Cheng-Han Chiang , Xiaofei Wang , Chung-Ching Lin , Kevin Lin , Linjie Li , Radu Kopetz , Yao Qian , Zhendong Wang , Zhengyuan Yang , Hung-yi Lee , Lijuan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in domains where errors carry high social, scientific, or safety costs. Yet standard confidence estimators, such as token likelihood, semantic similarity and multi-sample consistency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Pengyue Yang , Jiawen Wen , Haolin Jin , Linghan Huang , Huaming Chen , Ling Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in settings where reliable self-assessment is critical. Assessing model reliability has evolved from using probabilistic correctness estimates to, more recently, eliciting verbalized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Sree Bhattacharyya , Samarth Khanna , Leona Chen , Lucas Craig , Tharun Dilliraj , James Z. Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong instruction-following capabilities in text-based tasks. However, this ability often deteriorates in multimodal models after alignment with non-text modalities such as images or audio.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yiming Gao , Bin Wang , Chengwei Wei , Shuo Sun , AiTi Aw

An ideal multimodal agent should be aware of the quality of its input modalities. Recent advances have enabled large language models (LLMs) to incorporate auditory systems for handling various speech-related tasks. However, most audio LLMs…

Recently, instruction-following audio-language models have received broad attention for human-audio interaction. However, the absence of benchmarks capable of evaluating audio-centric interaction capabilities has impeded advancements in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-29 Qian Yang , Jin Xu , Wenrui Liu , Yunfei Chu , Ziyue Jiang , Xiaohuan Zhou , Yichong Leng , Yuanjun Lv , Zhou Zhao , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), which bridge the gap between audio-visual and natural language processing, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several audio-visual tasks. Despite the superior performance of MLLMs, the scarcity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jinming Wen , Xinyi Wu , Shuai Zhao , Yanhao Jia , Yuwen Li

Modern Large audio-language models (LALMs) power intelligent voice interactions by tightly integrating audio and text. This integration, however, expands the attack surface beyond text and introduces vulnerabilities in the continuous,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Meng Chen , Kun Wang , Li Lu , Jiaheng Zhang , Tianwei Zhang

Large Language Models (LLM) have taken the front seat in most of the news since November 2022, when ChatGPT was introduced. After more than one year, one of the major reasons companies are resistant to adopting them is the limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Carlo Lipizzi

While large language models have demonstrated impressive reasoning abilities, their extension to the audio modality, particularly within large audio-language models (LALMs), remains underexplored. Addressing this gap requires a systematic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xingjian Diao , Chunhui Zhang , Keyi Kong , Weiyi Wu , Chiyu Ma , Zhongyu Ouyang , Peijun Qing , Soroush Vosoughi , Jiang Gui

Due to recent advancements in Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) that demonstrate remarkable performance across a range of sound-, speech- and music-related tasks, there is a growing interest in proposing benchmarks to assess these models.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-12 Jingru Lin , Chen Zhang , Tianrui Wang , Haizhou Li

The rapid progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) could transform many fields, but their fast development creates significant challenges for oversight, ethical creation, and building user trust. This comprehensive review looks at key trust…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Md Meftahul Ferdaus , Mahdi Abdelguerfi , Elias Ioup , Kendall N. Niles , Ken Pathak , Steven Sloan

Recent advancements in large audio language models (LALMs) have demonstrated impressive results and promising prospects in universal understanding and reasoning across speech, music, and general sound. However, these models still lack the…

Large-scale language models (LLMs) often offer clinical judgments based on incomplete information, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. Existing studies have primarily evaluated confidence in single-turn, static settings, overlooking the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Zhiyao Ren , Yibing Zhan , Siyuan Liang , Guozheng Ma , Baosheng Yu , Dacheng Tao

The ability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to perceive and comprehend audio signals is crucial for many applications. Although significant progress has been made in this area since the development of AudioSet, most existing models…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-21 Yuan Gong , Hongyin Luo , Alexander H. Liu , Leonid Karlinsky , James Glass

Audio-language models (ALMs) are increasingly used in real-world applications that require understanding music, from music tutoring and transcription to captioning, recommendation systems, and music production. More broadly, they are…

Building on the success of large language models (LLMs), recent advancements such as GPT-4o have enabled real-time speech interactions through LLM-based voice assistants, offering a significantly improved user experience compared to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Yiming Chen , Xianghu Yue , Chen Zhang , Xiaoxue Gao , Robby T. Tan , Haizhou Li