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Masked language modeling (MLM) plays a key role in pretraining large language models. But the MLM objective is often dominated by high-frequency words that are sub-optimal for learning factual knowledge. In this work, we propose an approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Nafis Sadeq , Byungkyu Kang , Prarit Lamba , Julian McAuley

Recent work has suggested that language models (LMs) store both common-sense and factual knowledge learned from pre-training data. In this paper, we leverage this implicit knowledge to create an effective end-to-end fact checker using a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Nayeon Lee , Belinda Z. Li , Sinong Wang , Wen-tau Yih , Hao Ma , Madian Khabsa

Large Language Models (LLMs) store and retrieve vast amounts of factual knowledge acquired during pre-training. Prior research has localized and identified mechanisms behind knowledge recall; however, it has only focused on English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Constanza Fierro , Negar Foroutan , Desmond Elliott , Anders Søgaard

This work presents a framework for assessing whether large language models (LLMs) encode more factual knowledge in their parameters than what they express in their outputs. While a few studies hint at this possibility, none has clearly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zorik Gekhman , Eyal Ben David , Hadas Orgad , Eran Ofek , Yonatan Belinkov , Idan Szpektor , Jonathan Herzig , Roi Reichart

Despite the recent observation that large language models (LLMs) can store substantial factual knowledge, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms of how they acquire factual knowledge through pretraining. This work addresses this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Hoyeon Chang , Jinho Park , Seonghyeon Ye , Sohee Yang , Youngkyung Seo , Du-Seong Chang , Minjoon Seo

Large Language Models (LLMs) store an extensive amount of factual knowledge obtained from vast collections of text. To effectively utilize these models for downstream tasks, it is crucial to have reliable methods for measuring their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Pouya Pezeshkpour

The capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have expanded beyond natural language processing to scientific prediction tasks, including molecular property prediction. However, their effectiveness in in-context learning remains…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on a variety of NLP tasks, and are being rapidly adopted in a wide range of use cases. It is therefore of vital importance to holistically evaluate the factuality of their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Jiaqing Yuan , Lin Pan , Chung-Wei Hang , Jiang Guo , Jiarong Jiang , Bonan Min , Patrick Ng , Zhiguo Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have learned vast amounts of factual knowledge through self-supervised pre-training on large-scale corpora. Meanwhile, LLMs have also demonstrated excellent multilingual capabilities, which can express the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Pengfei Cao , Yuheng Chen , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Previous works show that Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) can capture factual knowledge. However, some analyses reveal that PLMs fail to perform it robustly, e.g., being sensitive to the changes of prompts when extracting factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Shaobo Li , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Chengjie Sun , Bingquan Liu , Zhenzhou Ji , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

The training and inference of large language models (LLMs) are together a costly process that transports knowledge from raw data to meaningful computation. Inspired by the memory hierarchy of the human brain, we reduce this cost by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Hongkang Yang , Zehao Lin , Wenjin Wang , Hao Wu , Zhiyu Li , Bo Tang , Wenqiang Wei , Jinbo Wang , Zeyun Tang , Shichao Song , Chenyang Xi , Yu Yu , Kai Chen , Feiyu Xiong , Linpeng Tang , Weinan E

Language model (LM) pre-training is useful in many language processing tasks. But can pre-trained LMs be further leveraged for more general machine learning problems? We propose an approach for using LMs to scaffold learning and…

Pre-trained language models learn informative word representations on a large-scale text corpus through self-supervised learning, which has achieved promising performance in fields of natural language processing (NLP) after fine-tuning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jian Yang , Xinyu Hu , Gang Xiao , Yulong Shen

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) on a diverse array of tasks has become a common approach for building models that can solve various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, where and to what extent these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Shay B. Cohen

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

While current large language models (LLMs) perform well on many knowledge-related tasks, they are limited by relying on their parameters as an implicit storage mechanism. As a result, they struggle with memorizing rare events and with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Ali Modarressi , Abdullatif Köksal , Ayyoob Imani , Mohsen Fayyaz , Hinrich Schütze

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) are trained on vast unlabeled data, rich in world knowledge. This fact has sparked the interest of the community in quantifying the amount of factual knowledge present in PLMs, as this explains their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Paul Youssef , Osman Alperen Koraş , Meijie Li , Jörg Schlötterer , Christin Seifert

Integrating external knowledge into large language models (LLMs) presents a promising solution to overcome the limitations imposed by their antiquated and static parametric memory. Prior studies, however, have tended to over-reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Hao Zhang , Yuyang Zhang , Xiaoguang Li , Wenxuan Shi , Haonan Xu , Huanshuo Liu , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Yong Liu , Ruiming Tang

Despite the increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), we still have a limited understanding of how their representational spaces are structured. This limits our ability to interpret how and what they learn or relate them to…

Multilingual language models (MLMs) store factual knowledge across languages but often struggle to provide consistent responses to semantically equivalent prompts in different languages. While previous studies point out this cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mingyang Wang , Heike Adel , Lukas Lange , Yihong Liu , Ercong Nie , Jannik Strötgen , Hinrich Schütze
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