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Evaluating the factuality of long-form generations from Large Language Models (LLMs) remains challenging due to efficiency bottlenecks and reliability concerns. Prior efforts attempt this by decomposing text into claims, searching for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Yingjia Wan , Haochen Tan , Xiao Zhu , Xinyu Zhou , Zhiwei Li , Qingsong Lv , Changxuan Sun , Jiaqi Zeng , Yi Xu , Jianqiao Lu , Yinhong Liu , Zhijiang Guo

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used in knowledge-intensive applications but often generate factually incorrect responses. A promising approach to rectify these flaws is correcting LLMs using feedback. Therefore, in this paper, we…

Large Language Models have significantly advanced natural language processing tasks, but remain prone to generating incorrect or misleading but plausible arguments. This issue, known as hallucination, is particularly concerning in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Ahmad Aghaebrahimian

Automated evaluation is crucial for streamlining text summarization benchmarking and model development, given the costly and time-consuming nature of human evaluation. Traditional methods like ROUGE do not correlate well with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Hwanjun Song , Hang Su , Igor Shalyminov , Jason Cai , Saab Mansour

Large language models (LLMs) often suffer from hallucinations, posing significant challenges for real-world applications. Confidence calibration, as an effective indicator of hallucination, is thus essential to enhance the trustworthiness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Caiqi Zhang , Ruihan Yang , Zhisong Zhang , Xinting Huang , Sen Yang , Dong Yu , Nigel Collier

Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) are prone to hallucinations, i.e., generating content that deviates from facts seen during pretraining. We propose a simple decoding strategy for reducing hallucinations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yung-Sung Chuang , Yujia Xie , Hongyin Luo , Yoon Kim , James Glass , Pengcheng He

Evaluating the factuality of long-form text generated by large language models (LMs) is non-trivial because (1) generations often contain a mixture of supported and unsupported pieces of information, making binary judgments of quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sewon Min , Kalpesh Krishna , Xinxi Lyu , Mike Lewis , Wen-tau Yih , Pang Wei Koh , Mohit Iyyer , Luke Zettlemoyer , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

This paper presents ICAT, an evaluation framework for measuring coverage of diverse factual information in long-form text generation. ICAT breaks down a long output text into a list of atomic claims and not only verifies each claim through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chris Samarinas , Alexander Krubner , Alireza Salemi , Youngwoo Kim , Hamed Zamani

Metrics like FactScore and VeriScore that evaluate long-form factuality operate by decomposing an input response into atomic claims and then individually verifying each claim. While effective and interpretable, these methods incur numerous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Rishanth Rajendhran , Amir Zadeh , Matthew Sarte , Chuan Li , Mohit Iyyer

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) towards autonomous agents has catalyzed progress in Deep Research. While retrieval capabilities are well-benchmarked, the post-retrieval synthesis stage--where agents must digest massive amounts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hongzhi Zhang , Yuanze Hu , Tinghai Zhang , Jia Fu , Tao Wang , Junwei Jing , Zhaoxin Fan , Qi Wang , Ruiming Tang , Han Li , Guorui Zhou , Kun Gai

Verifying and attributing factual claims is essential for the safe and effective use of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare. A core component of factuality evaluation is fact decomposition, the process of breaking down complex…

Large language models (LLMs) often generate content that contains factual errors when responding to fact-seeking prompts on open-ended topics. To benchmark a model's long-form factuality in open domains, we first use GPT-4 to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jerry Wei , Chengrun Yang , Xinying Song , Yifeng Lu , Nathan Hu , Jie Huang , Dustin Tran , Daiyi Peng , Ruibo Liu , Da Huang , Cosmo Du , Quoc V. Le

Large language models can deceive by subtly manipulating truthful information -- omitting key facts, shifting focus, or obscuring meaning -- making such behavior difficult to detect. Existing black-box methods rely on coarse-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Linyue Cai , Samuel Yeh , Jwala Dhamala , Rahul Gupta , Sharon Li

Hallucination remains a major challenge for the safe and trustworthy deployment of large language models (LLMs) in factual content generation. Prior work has explored confidence estimation as an effective approach to hallucination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Caiqi Zhang , Xiaochen Zhu , Chengzu Li , Nigel Collier , Andreas Vlachos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated near-human performance in summarization tasks based on traditional metrics such as ROUGE and BERTScore. However, these metrics do not adequately capture critical aspects of summarization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yeonseok Jeong , Minsoo Kim , Seung-won Hwang , Byung-Hak Kim

Despite rapid advances, Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) still suffer from hallucinations, i.e., generating content inconsistent with input or established world knowledge, which correspond to faithfulness and factuality hallucinations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Bei Yan , Zhiyuan Chen , Yuecong Min , Jie Zhang , Jiahao Wang , Xiaozhen Wang , Shiguang Shan

Search-augmented LLM agents can produce deep research reports (DRRs), but verifying claim-level factuality remains challenging. Existing fact-checkers are primarily designed for general-domain, factoid-style atomic claims, and there is no…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yukun Huang , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Momchil Hardalov , Bhuwan Dhingra , Markus Dreyer , Venkatesh Saligrama

The proliferation of digital news media necessitates robust methods for verifying content veracity, particularly regarding the consistency between visual and textual information. Traditional approaches often fall short in addressing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Sihan Ma , Qiming Wu , Ruotong Jiang , Frank Burns

Evaluating the factuality of long-form large language model (LLM)-generated text is an important challenge. Recently there has been a surge of interest in factuality evaluation for English, but little is known about the factuality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Sheikh Shafayat , Eunsu Kim , Juhyun Oh , Alice Oh

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed the landscape of language processing, yet struggle with significant challenges in terms of security, privacy, and the generation of seemingly coherent but factually inaccurate outputs, commonly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ningke Li , Yuekang Li , Yi Liu , Ling Shi , Kailong Wang , Haoyu Wang