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Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive mathematical reasoning abilities, but their solutions frequently contain errors that cannot be automatically checked. Formal theorem proving systems such as Lean 4 offer automated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sumanth Varambally , Thomas Voice , Yanchao Sun , Zhifeng Chen , Rose Yu , Ke Ye

The demand for synthetic data in mathematical reasoning has increased due to its potential to enhance the mathematical capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, ensuring the validity of intermediate reasoning steps remains a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Joshua Ong Jun Leang , Giwon Hong , Wenda Li , Shay B. Cohen

Theorem proving is a fundamental task in mathematics. With the advent of large language models (LLMs) and interactive theorem provers (ITPs) like Lean, there has been growing interest in integrating LLMs and ITPs to automate theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Rahul Vishwakarma , Subhankar Mishra

We present Isabellm, an LLM-powered theorem prover for Isabelle/HOL that performs fully automatic proof synthesis. Isabellm works with any local LLM on Ollama and APIs such as Gemini CLI, and it is designed to run on consumer grade…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Zhe Hou

General-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in intelligence, performing comparably to human experts on complex reasoning tasks such as coding and mathematical reasoning. However, generating formal proofs in…

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked considerable interest in automated theorem proving and a prominent line of research integrates stepwise LLM-based provers into tree search. In this paper, we introduce a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Junyu Lai , Jiakun Zhang , Shuo Xu , Taolue Chen , Zihang Wang , Yao Yang , Jiarui Zhang , Chun Cao , Jingwei Xu

Formally verifying properties of software code has been a highly desirable task, especially with the emergence of LLM-generated code. In the same vein, they provide an interesting avenue for the exploration of formal verification and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Balaji Rao , William Eiers , Carlo Lipizzi

Large Language Models (LLMs) present an intriguing avenue for exploration in the field of formal theorem proving. Nevertheless, their full potential, particularly concerning the mitigation of hallucinations and refinement through prover…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Chuanyang Zheng , Haiming Wang , Enze Xie , Zhengying Liu , Jiankai Sun , Huajian Xin , Jianhao Shen , Zhenguo Li , Yu Li

Large language models (LLMs) have been used to generate formal proofs of mathematical theorems in proofs assistants such as Lean. However, we often want to optimize a formal proof with respect to various criteria, depending on its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Riyaz Ahuja , Jeremy Avigad , Prasad Tetali , Sean Welleck

Language models have become increasingly powerful tools for formal mathematical reasoning. However, most existing approaches rely exclusively on either large general-purpose models or smaller specialized models, each with distinct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Nicolas Wischermann , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Gabriel Poesia , Francesco Noseda

Proof assistants like Lean have revolutionized mathematical proof verification, ensuring high accuracy and reliability. Although large language models (LLMs) show promise in mathematical reasoning, their advancement in formal theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Huajian Xin , Daya Guo , Zhihong Shao , Zhizhou Ren , Qihao Zhu , Bo Liu , Chong Ruan , Wenda Li , Xiaodan Liang

The combination of verifiable languages and LLMs has significantly influenced both the mathematical and computer science communities because it provides a rigorous foundation for theorem proving. Recent advancements in the field provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Hanning Zhang , Ruida Wang , Rui Pan , Wenyuan Wang , Bingxu Meng , Tong Zhang

LLMs have demonstrated strong mathematical reasoning abilities by leveraging reinforcement learning with long chain-of-thought, yet they continue to struggle with theorem proving due to the lack of clear supervision signals when solely…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant promise in automated theorem proving, yet progress is often constrained by the scarcity of diverse and high-quality formal language data. To address this issue, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinyuan Zhou , Yi Lei , Xiaoyu Zhou , Jingyi Sun , Yu Zhu , Zhongyi Ye , Weitai Zhang , Quan Liu , Si Wei , Cong Liu

Automated proof generation for formal software verification remains largely unresolved despite advances in large language models (LLMs). While LLMs perform well in NLP, vision, and code generation, formal verification still requires…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Youngjoo Ahn , Sangyeop Yeo , Gijung Im , Jongmin Lee , Jinyoung Yeo , Jieung Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) for formal theorem proving have shown significant promise, yet they often lack generalizability and are fragile to even minor transformations of problem statements. To address this limitation, we introduce a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yuchen Tian , Ruiyuan Huang , Xuanwu Wang , Jing Ma , Zengfeng Huang , Ziyang Luo , Hongzhan Lin , Da Zheng , Lun Du

Theorem proving serves as a major testbed for evaluating complex reasoning abilities in large language models (LLMs). However, traditional automated theorem proving (ATP) approaches rely heavily on formal proof systems that poorly align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Ziyin Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Zhiwei He , Tian Liang , Qiuzhi Liu , Yansi Li , Linfeng Song , Zhenwen Liang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Formal verification via theorem proving enables the expressive specification and rigorous proof of software correctness, but it is difficult to scale due to the significant manual effort and expertise required. While Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Minghai Lu , Zhe Zhou , Danning Xie , Songlin Jia , Benjamin Delaware , Tianyi Zhang

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs), the task of theorem proving still remains one of the hardest reasoning tasks that is far from being fully solved. Prior methods using language models have demonstrated promising results,…

We present a novel approach to automated proof generation for the TLA+ Proof System (TLAPS) using Large Language Models (LLMs). Our method combines two key components: a sub-proof obligation generation phase that breaks down complex proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yuhao Zhou
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