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Related papers: Do RAG Systems Really Suffer From Positional Bias?

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A well-known issue with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is that retrieved passages that are irrelevant to the query sometimes distract the answer-generating LLM, causing it to provide an incorrect response. In this paper, we shed light…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Chen Amiraz , Florin Cuconasu , Simone Filice , Zohar Karnin

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has recently emerged as a method to extend beyond the pre-trained knowledge of Large Language Models by augmenting the original prompt with relevant passages or documents retrieved by an Information…

Recent studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) exhibit significant biases in evaluation tasks, particularly in preferentially rating and favoring self-generated content. However, the extent to which this bias manifests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yen-Shan Chen , Jing Jin , Peng-Ting Kuo , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated strong performance in multilingual question-answering (QA) tasks by leveraging relevant passages retrieved from corpora. In multilingual RAG (mRAG), the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Jirui Qi , Raquel Fernández , Arianna Bisazza

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances language model performance by incorporating external knowledge retrieved from large corpora, which makes it highly suitable for tasks such as open domain question answering. Standard RAG systems…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Malika Iratni , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufiq Dkaki

The Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework introduces a retrieval module to dynamically inject retrieved information into the input context of large language models (LLMs), and has demonstrated significant success in various NLP…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yi Jiang , Sendong Zhao , Jianbo Li , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin

With the increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs), ensuring the safety of LLM systems has become a pressing concern. External LLM-based guardrail models have emerged as a popular solution to screen unsafe inputs and outputs, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yining She , Daniel W. Peterson , Marianne Menglin Liu , Vikas Upadhyay , Mohammad Hossein Chaghazardi , Eunsuk Kang , Dan Roth

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is significantly influenced by the quality of the prompts provided. In response, researchers have developed enormous prompt engineering strategies aimed at modifying the prompt text to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Zhiyuan He , Huiqiang Jiang , Zilong Wang , Yuqing Yang , Luna Qiu , Lili Qiu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been widely adopted to augment large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge for knowledge-intensive tasks. However, its effectiveness is often undermined by the presence of noisy (i.e.,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Minghao Tang , Shiyu Ni , Jiafeng Guo , Keping Bi

When using LLMs to rank items based on given criteria, or evaluate answers, the order of candidate items can influence the model's final decision. This sensitivity to item positioning in a LLM's prompt is known as position bias. Prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ali Vardasbi , Gustavo Penha , Claudia Hauff , Hugues Bouchard

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in information systems, including being used as second-stage rerankers in information retrieval pipelines, yet their susceptibility to recency bias has received little attention. We…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hanpei Fang , Sijie Tao , Nuo Chen , Kai-Xin Chang , Tetsuya Sakai

LLM-based listwise passage reranking has attracted attention for its effectiveness in ranking candidate passages. However, these models suffer from positional bias, where passages positioned towards the end of the input are less likely to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jingfen Qiao , Jin Huang , Xinyu Ma , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Evangelos Kanoulas , Andrew Yates

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems rely on retrieved documents being concatenated into a model's input context, making both document ordering and context size critical yet controversial design choices. Prior work reports…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jorge Gabín , Anxo Perez , Javier Parapar

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework for incorporating external knowledge, usually in the form of a set of documents retrieved from a collection, as a part of a prompt to a large language model (LLM) to potentially improve…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Fangzheng Tian , Debasis Ganguly , Craig Macdonald

Attributing answers to source documents is an approach used to enhance the verifiability of a model's output in retrieval augmented generation (RAG). Prior work has mainly focused on improving and evaluating the attribution quality of large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Amin Abolghasemi , Leif Azzopardi , Seyyed Hadi Hashemi , Maarten de Rijke , Suzan Verberne

Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have become essential in knowledge-intensive and open-domain tasks. As retrieval complexity increases, ensuring the robustness of these systems is critical. However, current RAG models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jiayu Yao , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Lingrui Mei , Baolong Bi , Yuyao Ge , Zhecheng Li , Xueqi Cheng

Despite the successes of large language models (LLMs), they exhibit significant drawbacks, particularly when processing long contexts. Their inference cost scales quadratically with respect to sequence length, making it expensive for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Thomas Merth , Qichen Fu , Mohammad Rastegari , Mahyar Najibi

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a promising method for addressing some of the memory-related challenges associated with Large Language Models (LLMs). Two separate systems form the RAG pipeline, the retriever and the reader, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Alexandria Leto , Cecilia Aguerrebere , Ishwar Bhati , Ted Willke , Mariano Tepper , Vy Ai Vo

The active research topic of prompt engineering makes it evident that LLMs are sensitive to small changes in prompt wording. A portion of this can be ascribed to the inductive bias that is present in the LLM. By using an LLM's output as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Christian M. Angel , Francis Ferraro

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has gained popularity as a method for conveniently incorporating novel facts that were not seen during the pre-training stage in Large Language Model (LLM)-based Natural Language Generation (NLG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Tianhui Zhang , Yi Zhou , Danushka Bollegala
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