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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses the growing need for transparency and interpretability in AI systems, enabling trust and accountability in decision-making processes. This book offers a comprehensive guide to XAI,…

The differences between images belonging to fine-grained categories are often subtle and highly localized, and existing explainability techniques for deep learning models are often too diffuse to provide useful and interpretable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Lauren Shrack , Timm Haucke , Antoine Salaün , Arjun Subramonian , Sara Beery

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to develop transparent explanatory approaches for "black-box" deep learning models. However,it remains difficult for existing methods to achieve the trade-off of the three key criteria in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Changqi Sun , Hao Xu , Yuntian Chen , Dongxiao Zhang

There has been a significant surge of interest recently around the concept of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), where the goal is to produce an interpretation for a decision made by a machine learning algorithm. Of particular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Zhong Qiu Lin , Mohammad Javad Shafiee , Stanislav Bochkarev , Michael St. Jules , Xiao Yu Wang , Alexander Wong

The remarkable advancements in Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have fueled enthusiasm for using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in almost every domain; however, the opaqueness of these algorithms put a question mark on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-12 F. Hussain , R. Hussain , E. Hossain

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has become popular in the last few years. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) community in general, and the Machine Learning (ML) community in particular, is coming to the realisation that in many…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Raymond Sheh , Isaac Monteath

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are frequently required by users in many AI systems with the goal of understanding complex models, their associated predictions, and gaining trust. While suitable for some specific tasks…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Savio Rozario , George Čevora

Given the pressing need for assuring algorithmic transparency, Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as one of the key areas of AI research. In this paper, we develop a novel Bayesian extension to the LIME framework, one of the most widely used…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Xingyu Zhao , Wei Huang , Xiaowei Huang , Valentin Robu , David Flynn

Many explainable AI (XAI) techniques strive for interpretability by providing concise salient information, such as sparse linear factors. However, users either only see inaccurate global explanations, or highly-varying local explanations.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Jessica Y. Bo , Pan Hao , Brian Y. Lim

A large set of the explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) literature is emerging on feature relevance techniques to explain a deep neural network (DNN) output or explaining models that ingest image source data. However, assessing how XAI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-21 Alexandre Heuillet , Fabien Couthouis , Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez

Explainable AI (XAI) is an important developing area but remains relatively understudied for clustering. We propose an explainable-by-design clustering approach that not only finds clusters but also exemplars to explain each cluster. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Ian Davidson , Michael Livanos , Antoine Gourru , Peter Walker , Julien Velcin , S. S. Ravi

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become essential for analyzing complex data and solving highly-challenging tasks. It is being applied across numerous disciplines beyond computer science, including Food Engineering, where there is a growing…

The field of explainable AI (XAI) has quickly become a thriving and prolific community. However, a silent, recurrent and acknowledged issue in this area is the lack of consensus regarding its terminology. In particular, each new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Sebastian Palacio , Adriano Lucieri , Mohsin Munir , Jörn Hees , Sheraz Ahmed , Andreas Dengel

Explainable AI (XAI) methods provide explanations of AI models, but our understanding of how they compare with human explanations remains limited. In image classification, we found that humans adopted more explorative attention strategies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Ruoxi Qi , Yueyuan Zheng , Yi Yang , Caleb Chen Cao , Janet H. Hsiao

To advance the transparency of learning machines such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), the field of Explainable AI (XAI) was established to provide interpretations of DNNs' predictions. While different explanation techniques exist, a popular…

The development of explainable artificial intelligence (xAI) methods for scene classification problems has attracted great attention in remote sensing (RS). Most xAI methods and the related evaluation metrics in RS are initially developed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jonas Klotz , Tom Burgert , Begüm Demir

Nowadays, deep neural networks are widely used in mission critical systems such as healthcare, self-driving vehicles, and military which have direct impact on human lives. However, the black-box nature of deep neural networks challenges its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Arun Das , Paul Rad

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) enhances AI system transparency by framing interpretability as an optimization problem. However, this approach often necessitates numerous iterations of computationally intensive operations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ayesha Siddique , Khurram Khalil , Khaza Anuarul Hoque

With the availability of large databases and recent improvements in deep learning methodology, the performance of AI systems is reaching or even exceeding the human level on an increasing number of complex tasks. Impressive examples of this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-29 Wojciech Samek , Thomas Wiegand , Klaus-Robert Müller

Deep learning models for learning analytics have become increasingly popular over the last few years; however, these approaches are still not widely adopted in real-world settings, likely due to a lack of trust and transparency. In this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Vinitra Swamy , Sijia Du , Mirko Marras , Tanja Käser