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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in both academia and industry due to their remarkable performance in various applications such as visual question answering, visual perception, understanding, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Jian Li , Weiheng Lu , Hao Fei , Meng Luo , Ming Dai , Min Xia , Yizhang Jin , Zhenye Gan , Ding Qi , Chaoyou Fu , Ying Tai , Wankou Yang , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities across various tasks by integrating textual and visual information to achieve visual understanding in complex scenarios. Despite the availability of several…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Zhihuan Jiang , Zhen Yang , Jinhao Chen , Zhengxiao Du , Weihan Wang , Bin Xu , Jie Tang

The paradigm of agentic science requires AI systems to conduct robust reasoning and engage in long-horizon, autonomous exploration. However, current scientific benchmarks remain confined to domain knowledge comprehension and complex…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved significant advances in integrating visual and linguistic information, yet their ability to reason about complex and real-world scenarios remains limited. The existing benchmarks are…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in visual mathematical reasoning across various existing benchmarks. However, these benchmarks are predominantly based on clean or processed multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jun Feng , Zixin Wang , Zhentao Zhang , Yue Guo , Zhihan Zhou , Xiuyi Chen , Zhenyang Li , Dawei Yin

Humans possess spatial reasoning abilities that enable them to understand spaces through multimodal observations, such as vision and sound. Large multimodal reasoning models extend these abilities by learning to perceive and reason, showing…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on perception-oriented tasks, yet their ability to perform mathematical spatial reasoning, defined as the capacity to parse and manipulate two- and three-dimensional…

The ability to process information from multiple modalities and to reason through it step-by-step remains a critical challenge in advancing artificial intelligence. However, existing reasoning benchmarks focus on text-only reasoning, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yulun Jiang , Yekun Chai , Maria Brbić , Michael Moor

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) offers new opportunities for complex scientific challenges, yet their application in earth science-especially at the graduate level-remains underexplored due to a lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xiangyu Zhao , Wanghan Xu , Bo Liu , Yuhao Zhou , Fenghua Ling , Ben Fei , Xiaoyu Yue , Lei Bai , Wenlong Zhang , Xiao-Ming Wu

Recent advances in Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled unified processing of language, vision, and structured inputs, opening the door to complex tasks such as logical deduction, spatial reasoning, and scientific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Guiyao Tie , Xueyang Zhou , Tianhe Gu , Ruihang Zhang , Chaoran Hu , Sizhe Zhang , Mengqu Sun , Yan Zhang , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

The rapid progress of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unlocked the potential for enhanced 3D scene understanding and spatial reasoning. A recent line of work explores learning spatial reasoning directly from multi-view images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kanghee Lee , Injae Lee , Minseok Kwak , Jungi Hong , Kwonyoung Ryu , Jaesik Park

The ability to understand and reason about spatial relationships between objects in images is an important component of visual reasoning. This skill rests on the ability to recognize and localize objects of interest and determine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world fact-checking systems, yet existing evaluations focus predominantly on claim verification and overlook the broader fact-checking workflow, including claim extraction and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Hongzhan Lin , Zixin Chen , Zhiqi Shen , Ziyang Luo , Zhen Ye , Jing Ma , Tat-Seng Chua , Guandong Xu

Understanding the physical world is a fundamental challenge in embodied AI, critical for enabling agents to perform complex tasks and operate safely in real-world environments. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown great promise in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Wei Chow , Jiageng Mao , Boyi Li , Daniel Seita , Vitor Guizilini , Yue Wang

Recent large language models (LLMs) have shown strong reasoning capabilities. However, a critical question remains: do these models possess genuine strategic reasoning, or do they primarily excel at pattern recognition? To address this, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Jincheng Liu , Sijun He , Jingjing Wu , Xiangsen Wang , Yang Chen , Zhaoqi Kuang , Siqi Bao , Yuan Yao

Scientific reasoning is a key aspect of human intelligence, requiring the integration of multimodal inputs, domain expertise, and multi-step inference across various subjects. Existing benchmarks for multimodal large language models (MLLMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Longteng Guo , Xuanxu Lin , Dongze Hao , Tongtian Yue , Pengkang Huo , Jiatong Ma , Yuchen Liu , Jing Liu

The evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been significantly accelerated by advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), gradually showcasing potential cognitive reasoning abilities in…

Although large multimodal models (LMMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in visual scene interpretation and reasoning, their capacity for complex and precise 3-dimensional spatial reasoning remains uncertain. Existing benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Xingrui Wang , Wufei Ma , Tiezheng Zhang , Celso M de Melo , Jieneng Chen , Alan Yuille

Recent advancements in 2D multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have significantly improved performance in vision-language tasks. However, extending these capabilities to 3D environments remains a distinct challenge due to the complexity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Changyu Zeng , Yifan Wang , Zimu Wang , Wei Wang , Zhengni Yang , Muyi Bao , Jiming Xiao , Anh Nguyen , Yutao Yue

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance on semantic tasks, their spatial intelligence--crucial for robust and grounded AI systems--remains underdeveloped. Existing benchmarks fall short of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Mingrui Wu , Zhaozhi Wang , Fangjinhua Wang , Jiaolong Yang , Marc Pollefeys , Tong Zhang