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As instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) evolve, aligning pretrained foundation models presents increasing challenges. Existing alignment strategies, which typically leverage diverse and high-quality data sources, often overlook…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yikun Wang , Rui Zheng , Liang Ding , Qi Zhang , Dahua Lin , Dacheng Tao

Reasoning models often outperform smaller models but at 3--5$\times$ higher cost and added latency. We present entropy-guided refinement: a lightweight, test-time loop that uses token-level uncertainty to trigger a single, targeted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Andrew G. A. Correa , Ana C. H de Matos

Large language models (LLMs) often generate plausible yet incorrect answers, posing risks in safety-critical settings such as medicine. Human evaluation is expensive, and LLM-as-judge approaches risk introducing hidden errors. Recent…

We present Entropy Adaptive Decoding (EAD), a novel approach for efficient language model inference that dynamically switches between different-sized models based on prediction uncertainty. By monitoring rolling entropy in model logit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Toby Simonds

Despite demonstrating impressive capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) still often struggle to accurately express the factual knowledge they possess, especially in cases where the LLMs' knowledge boundaries are ambiguous. To improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Boyang Xue , Fei Mi , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Erxin Yu , Xuming Hu , Kam-Fai Wong

Large Language Models (LLMs) that can express interpretable and calibrated uncertainty are crucial in high-stakes domains. While methods to compute uncertainty post-hoc exist, they are often sampling-based and therefore computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Azza Jenane , Nassim Walha , Lukas Kuhn , Florian Buettner

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable generative performance, yet their output quality is dependent on the decoding strategy. While sampling-based methods (e.g., top-k, nucleus) and search-and-select based methods (e.g., beam…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sumitra Ganesh , Leo Ardon

Entropy minimization (EM) trains the model to concentrate even more probability mass on its most confident outputs. We show that this simple objective alone, without any labeled data, can substantially improve large language models' (LLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Shivam Agarwal , Zimin Zhang , Lifan Yuan , Jiawei Han , Hao Peng

LLMs' overconfidence, particularly when hallucinating, poses a significant challenge for the deployment of the models in safety-critical settings and makes a reliable estimation of uncertainty necessary. Existing approaches for uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hamed Karimi , Vaishali Meyappan , Reza Samavi

Large language models (LLMs) often demonstrate inconsistencies with human preferences. Previous research typically gathered human preference data and then aligned the pre-trained models using reinforcement learning or instruction tuning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuhui Li , Fangyun Wei , Jinjing Zhao , Chao Zhang , Hongyang Zhang

Modern large language model (LLM) inference engines optimize throughput and latency under fixed decoding rules, treating generation as a linear progression in token time. We propose a fundamentally different paradigm: entropic\-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Andrew Kiruluta

Privacy-preserving computation enables language model inference directly on encrypted data yet suffers from prohibitive latency and communication overheads, primarily due to nonlinear functions. Removing nonlinearities, however, can trigger…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

In this work, we introduce Entropy Area Score (EAS), a simple yet effective metric to quantify uncertainty in the answer generation process of reasoning large language models (LLMs). EAS requires neither external models nor repeated…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yongfu Zhu , Lin Sun , Guangxiang Zhao , Weihong Lin , Xiangzheng Zhang

Existing training criteria in automatic speech recognition(ASR) permit the model to freely explore more than one time alignments between the feature and label sequences. In this paper, we use entropy to measure a model's uncertainty, i.e.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Ehsan Variani , Ke Wu , David Rybach , Cyril Allauzen , Michael Riley

Reinforcement-learning-based post-training has become a key approach for improving the reasoning ability of large language models, but its token-level learning signals remain poorly understood. This work studies their heterogeneity through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Gengyang Li , Zheng-Fan Wu , Siqi Bao , Yunfang Wu

Neural networks have proven successful at learning from complex data distributions by acting as universal function approximators. However, they are often overconfident in their predictions, which leads to inaccurate and miscalibrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Jeffrey Willette , Juho Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

Uncertainty quantification in Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for applications where safety and reliability are important. In particular, uncertainty can be used to improve the trustworthiness of LLMs by detecting factually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Alexander Nikitin , Jannik Kossen , Yarin Gal , Pekka Marttinen

It is critical that the models pay attention not only to accuracy but also to the certainty of prediction. Uncertain predictions of deep models caused by noisy data raise significant concerns in trustworthy AI areas. To explore and handle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Wei Wei , Jiahuan Zhou , Hongze Li , Ying Wu

We introduce a simple, yet novel entropy-based framework to drive token efficiency in large language models during reasoning tasks. Our approach uses Shannon entropy from token-level logprobs as a confidence signal to enable early stopping,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Aman Sharma , Paras Chopra

The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly evolving, and they are also commonly used in safety-critical domains, such as autonomous driving and medical diagnosis, where functional safety is paramount. In AI-driven systems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-12 Soyed Tuhin Ahmed , Michael Hefenbrock , Mehdi B. Tahoori
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