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Learning correlations from data forms the foundation of today's machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence research. While contemporary methods enable the automatic discovery of complex patterns, they are prone to failure when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Samuel J. Bell , Skyler Wang

Models trained with empirical risk minimization (ERM) are prone to be biased towards spurious correlations between target labels and bias attributes, which leads to poor performance on data groups lacking spurious correlations. It is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Hyeonggeun Han , Sehwan Kim , Hyungjun Joo , Sangwoo Hong , Jungwoo Lee

Recent work has shown that deep learning models in NLP are highly sensitive to low-level correlations between simple features and specific output labels, leading to overfitting and lack of generalization. To mitigate this problem, a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Roy Schwartz , Gabriel Stanovsky

Despite alarm over the reliance of machine learning systems on so-called spurious patterns, the term lacks coherent meaning in standard statistical frameworks. However, the language of causality offers clarity: spurious associations are due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Divyansh Kaushik , Eduard Hovy , Zachary C. Lipton

Continual Learning (CL) is the research field addressing learning without forgetting when the data distribution is not static. This paper studies spurious features' influence on continual learning algorithms. We show that continual learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Timothée Lesort

Often machine learning models tend to automatically learn associations present in the training data without questioning their validity or appropriateness. This undesirable property is the root cause of the manifestation of spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Preetam Prabhu Srikar Dammu , Chirag Shah

Causal representation learning (CRL) offers the promise of uncovering the underlying causal model by which observed data was generated, but the practical applicability of existing methods remains limited by the strong assumptions required…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yuhang Liu , Zhen Zhang , Dong Gong , Erdun Gao , Biwei Huang , Mingming Gong , Anton van den Hengel , Kun Zhang , Javen Qinfeng Shi

Classifiers often learn to be biased corresponding to the class-imbalanced dataset, especially under the semi-supervised learning (SSL) set. While previous work tries to appropriately re-balance the classifiers by subtracting a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Weiwei Xing , Yue Cheng , Hongzhu Yi , Xiaohui Gao , Xiang Wei , Xiaoyu Guo , Yuming Zhang , Xinyu Pang

To enhance group robustness to spurious correlations, prior work often relies on auxiliary group annotations and assumes identical sets of groups across training and test domains. To overcome these limitations, we propose to leverage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Chenruo Liu , Hongjun Liu , Zeyu Lai , Yiqiu Shen , Chen Zhao , Qi Lei

Deep classifiers are known to rely on spurious features $\unicode{x2013}$ patterns which are correlated with the target on the training data but not inherently relevant to the learning problem, such as the image backgrounds when classifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Pavel Izmailov , Polina Kirichenko , Nate Gruver , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Convolutional Neural Networks have been a subject of great importance over the past decade and great strides have been made in their utility for producing state of the art performance in many computer vision problems. However, the behavior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-04 Swami Sankaranarayanan , Arpit Jain , Ser Nam Lim

Neural networks employ spurious correlations in their predictions, resulting in decreased performance when these correlations do not hold. Recent works suggest fixing pretrained representations and training a classification head that does…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Rafayel Darbinyan , Hrayr Harutyunyan , Aram H. Markosyan , Hrant Khachatrian

Deep neural networks often exploit *spurious* features that are present in the majority of examples within a class during training. This leads to *poor worst-group test accuracy*, i.e., poor accuracy for minority groups that lack these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Siddharth Joshi , Yu Yang , Yihao Xue , Wenhan Yang , Baharan Mirzasoleiman

Selecting a coherent sequence or subset of elements is a fundamental problem in structured prediction, arising in tasks such as detection, trajectory forecasting, and representative subset selection. In many such settings, the target is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Noam Mizrachi , Nadav Har-Tuv , Shai Shalev-Shwartz

Deep networks have strong capacities of embedding data into latent representations and finishing following tasks. However, the capacities largely come from high-quality annotated labels, which are expensive to collect. Noisy labels are more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Shikun Li , Xiaobo Xia , Shiming Ge , Tongliang Liu

Large language models often hallucinate when processing long and noisy retrieval contexts because they rely on spurious correlations rather than genuine causal relationships. We propose CIP, a lightweight and plug-and-play causal prompting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Qingsen Ma , Dianyun Wang , Ran Jing , Yujun Sun , Zhenbo Xu

Neural image classifiers can often learn to make predictions by overly relying on non-predictive features that are spuriously correlated with the class labels in the training data. This leads to poor performance in real-world atypical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Sreyan Ghosh , Chandra Kiran Reddy Evuru , Sonal Kumar , Utkarsh Tyagi , Sakshi Singh , Sanjoy Chowdhury , Dinesh Manocha

In many classification datasets, the task labels are spuriously correlated with some input attributes. Classifiers trained on such datasets often rely on these attributes for prediction, especially when the spurious correlation is high, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Abhinav Kumar , Amit Deshpande , Amit Sharma

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success across a variety of tasks, yet they often suffer from unreliable probability estimates. As a result, they can be overconfident in their predictions. Conformal Prediction (CP) offers a…

Selective classification enables models to make predictions only when they are sufficiently confident, aiming to enhance safety and reliability, which is important in high-stakes scenarios. Previous methods mainly use deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yu-Chang Wu , Shen-Huan Lyu , Haopu Shang , Xiangyu Wang , Chao Qian