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Neural collapse (NC) is a phenomenon that emerges at the terminal phase of the training (TPT) of deep neural networks (DNNs). The features of the data in the same class collapse to their respective sample means and the sample means exhibit…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-09 Wanli Hong , Shuyang Ling

Neural collapse provides an elegant mathematical characterization of learned last layer representations (a.k.a. features) and classifier weights in deep classification models. Such results not only provide insights but also motivate new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Jiachen Jiang , Jinxin Zhou , Peng Wang , Qing Qu , Dustin Mixon , Chong You , Zhihui Zhu

The recently discovered Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon occurs pervasively in today's deep net training paradigm of driving cross-entropy (CE) loss towards zero. During NC, last-layer features collapse to their class-means, both classifiers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 X. Y. Han , Vardan Papyan , David L. Donoho

Modern practice for training classification deepnets involves a Terminal Phase of Training (TPT), which begins at the epoch where training error first vanishes; During TPT, the training error stays effectively zero while training loss is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Vardan Papyan , X. Y. Han , David L. Donoho

Deep learning architectures suffer from depth-related performance degradation, limiting the effective depth of neural networks. Approaches like ResNet are able to mitigate this, but they do not completely eliminate the problem. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Antonio Di Cecco , Carlo Metta , Marco Fantozzi , Francesco Morandin , Maurizio Parton

What scaling limits govern neural network training dynamics when model size and training time grow in tandem? We show that despite the complex interactions between architecture, training algorithms, and data, compute-optimally trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Shikai Qiu , Lechao Xiao , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Jeffrey Pennington , Atish Agarwala

The current paradigm of training deep neural networks for classification tasks includes minimizing the empirical risk that pushes the training loss value towards zero, even after the training error has been vanished. In this terminal phase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Hien Dang , Tho Tran , Tan Nguyen , Nhat Ho

In comparison to classical shallow representation learning techniques, deep neural networks have achieved superior performance in nearly every application benchmark. But despite their clear empirical advantages, it is still not well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Calvin Murdock , George Cazenavette , Simon Lucey

Deep neural networks' remarkable ability to correctly fit training data when optimized by gradient-based algorithms is yet to be fully understood. Recent theoretical results explain the convergence for ReLU networks that are wider than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Asaf Noy , Yi Xu , Yonathan Aflalo , Lihi Zelnik-Manor , Rong Jin

This work bridges two important concepts: the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), which captures the evolution of deep neural networks (DNNs) during training, and the Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon, which refers to the emergence of symmetry and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mariia Seleznova , Dana Weitzner , Raja Giryes , Gitta Kutyniok , Hung-Hsu Chou

Recent theoretical work has demonstrated that deep neural networks have superior performance over shallow networks, but their training is more difficult, e.g., they suffer from the vanishing gradient problem. This problem can be typically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-03 Lu Lu , Yanhui Su , George Em Karniadakis

Neural collapse (NC) -- the convergence of penultimate-layer features to a simplex equiangular tight frame -- is well understood at equilibrium, but the dynamics governing its onset remain poorly characterised. We identify a simple and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Anamika Paul Rupa

Recent work has observed an intriguing ''Neural Collapse'' phenomenon in well-trained neural networks, where the last-layer representations of training samples with the same label collapse into each other. This appears to suggest that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Yongyi Yang , Jacob Steinhardt , Wei Hu

Neural Collapse (NC) is a geometric structure recently observed at the terminal phase of training deep neural networks, which states that last-layer feature vectors for the same class would "collapse" to a single point, while features of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Leyan Pan , Xinyuan Cao

Recent studies have noted an intriguing phenomenon termed Neural Collapse, that is, when the neural networks establish the right correlation between feature spaces and the training targets, their last-layer features, together with the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yining Wang , Junjie Sun , Chenyue Wang , Mi Zhang , Min Yang

Recent results in the literature suggest that the penultimate (second-to-last) layer representations of neural networks that are trained for classification exhibit a clustering property called neural collapse (NC). We study the implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Tomer Galanti , Liane Galanti , Ido Ben-Shaul

Neural collapse is a phenomenon observed during the terminal phase of neural network training, characterized by the convergence of network activations, class means, and linear classifier weights to a simplex equiangular tight frame (ETF), a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Emily Liu

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become increasingly popular for classification tasks on graph-structured data. Yet, the interplay between graph topology and feature evolution in GNNs is not well understood. In this paper, we focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Vignesh Kothapalli , Tom Tirer , Joan Bruna

The modern strategy for training deep neural networks for classification tasks includes optimizing the network's weights even after the training error vanishes to further push the training loss toward zero. Recently, a phenomenon termed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Tom Tirer , Joan Bruna

Neural Collapse (NC) is a well-known phenomenon of deep neural networks in the terminal phase of training (TPT). It is characterized by the collapse of features and classifier into a symmetrical structure, known as simplex equiangular tight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Peifeng Gao , Qianqian Xu , Yibo Yang , Peisong Wen , Huiyang Shao , Zhiyong Yang , Bernard Ghanem , Qingming Huang