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Autonomous driving is undergoing a shift from modular rule based pipelines toward end to end (E2E) learning systems. This paper examines this transition by tracing the evolution from classical sense perceive plan control architectures to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eduardo Nebot , Julie Stephany Berrio Perez

In autonomous driving, trajectory prediction is essential for safe and efficient navigation. While recent methods often rely on high-definition (HD) maps to provide structured environmental priors, such maps are costly to maintain,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Minsang Kong , Myeongjun Kim , Sang Gu Kang , Hejiu Lu , Yupeng Zhong , Sang Hun Lee

Cooperatively utilizing both ego-vehicle and infrastructure sensor data via V2X communication has emerged as a promising approach for advanced autonomous driving. However, current research mainly focuses on improving individual modules,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Haibao Yu , Wenxian Yang , Jiaru Zhong , Zhenwei Yang , Siqi Fan , Ping Luo , Zaiqing Nie

Modular design of planning-oriented autonomous driving has markedly advanced end-to-end systems. However, existing architectures remain constrained by an over-reliance on ego status, hindering generalization and robust scene understanding.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jiacheng Tang , Mingyue Feng , Jiachao Liu , Yaonong Wang , Jian Pu

Recent advances in generative models have sparked exciting new possibilities in the field of autonomous vehicles. Specifically, video generation models are now being explored as controllable virtual testing environments. Simultaneously,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Jiahao Wang , Zhenpei Yang , Yijing Bai , Yingwei Li , Yuliang Zou , Bo Sun , Abhijit Kundu , Jose Lezama , Luna Yue Huang , Zehao Zhu , Jyh-Jing Hwang , Dragomir Anguelov , Mingxing Tan , Chiyu Max Jiang

The integration of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) into autonomous driving systems has shown promise in addressing key challenges such as learning complexity, interpretability, and common-sense reasoning. However, existing approaches often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Xuesong Chen , Linjiang Huang , Tao Ma , Rongyao Fang , Shaoshuai Shi , Hongsheng Li

In recent years, considerable progress has been made towards a vehicle's ability to operate autonomously. An end-to-end approach attempts to achieve autonomous driving using a single, comprehensive software component. Recent breakthroughs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Hege Haavaldsen , Max Aasboe , Frank Lindseth

While end-to-end autonomous driving models show promising results, their practical deployment is often hindered by large model sizes, a reliance on expensive LiDAR sensors and computationally intensive BEV feature representations. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Maciej K. Wozniak , Lianhang Liu , Yixi Cai , Patric Jensfelt

Camera-based end-to-end driving neural networks bring the promise of a low-cost system that maps camera images to driving control commands. These networks are appealing because they replace laborious hand engineered building blocks but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Abdelhak Loukkal , Yves Grandvalet , Tom Drummond , You Li

End-to-end autonomous driving with its holistic optimization capabilities, has gained increasing traction in academia and industry. Vectorized representations, which preserve instance-level topological information while reducing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Bo Zhang , Heye Huang , Chunyang Liu , Yaqin Zhang , Zhenhua Xu

A crucial component of an autonomous vehicle (AV) is the artificial intelligence (AI) is able to drive towards a desired destination. Today, there are different paradigms addressing the development of AI drivers. On the one hand, we find…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Yi Xiao , Felipe Codevilla , Akhil Gurram , Onay Urfalioglu , Antonio M. López

End-to-end (E2E) models in autonomous driving aim to directly map sensor inputs to control commands, but their ability to generalize to novel and complex scenarios remains a key challenge. The common practice of fully fine-tuning the vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zeyu Dong , Yimin Zhu , Yu Wu , Yu Sun

To simultaneously enable multiple autonomous driving services on affordable embedded systems, we designed and implemented {\pi}-Edge, a complete edge computing framework for autonomous robots and vehicles. The contributions of this paper…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Jie Tang , Shaoshan Liu , Bo Yu , Weisong Shi

In this paper, we present a novel end-to-end deep neural network model for autonomous driving that takes monocular image sequence as input, and directly generates the steering control angle. Firstly, we model the end-to-end driving problem…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Peng Wan , Zhenbo Song , Jianfeng Lu

End-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a promising paradigm for directly mapping sensor inputs to planning maneuvers using learning-based modular integrations. However, existing imitation learning (IL)-based models suffer from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haochen Liu , Tianyu Li , Haohan Yang , Li Chen , Caojun Wang , Ke Guo , Haochen Tian , Hongchen Li , Hongyang Li , Chen Lv

End-to-end autonomous driving provides a feasible way to automatically maximize overall driving system performance by directly mapping the raw pixels from a front-facing camera to control signals. Recent advanced methods construct a latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zeyu Gao , Yao Mu , Chen Chen , Jingliang Duan , Shengbo Eben Li , Ping Luo , Yanfeng Lu

Intelligent vehicles (IVs) have gained worldwide attention due to their increased convenience, safety advantages, and potential commercial value. Despite predictions of commercial deployment by 2025, implementation remains limited to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Siyu Teng , Xuemin Hu , Peng Deng , Bai Li , Yuchen Li , Dongsheng Yang , Yunfeng Ai , Lingxi Li , Zhe Xuanyuan , Fenghua Zhu , Long Chen

3D object detection based on LiDAR point clouds is a crucial module in autonomous driving particularly for long range sensing. Most of the research is focused on achieving higher accuracy and these models are not optimized for deployment on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Sambit Mohapatra , Senthil Yogamani , Heinrich Gotzig , Stefan Milz , Patrick Mader

Current end-to-end autonomous driving methods typically learn only from expert planning data collected from a single ego vehicle, severely limiting the diversity of learnable driving policies and scenarios. However, a critical yet…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Lin Liu , Caiyan Jia , Ziying Song , Hongyu Pan , Bencheng Liao , Wenchao Sun , Yongchang Zhang , Lei Yang , Yandan Luo

We propose ComDrive: the first comfort-oriented end-to-end autonomous driving system to generate temporally consistent and comfortable trajectories. Recent studies have demonstrated that imitation learning-based planners and learning-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Junming Wang , Xingyu Zhang , Zebin Xing , Songen Gu , Xiaoyang Guo , Yang Hu , Ziying Song , Qian Zhang , Xiaoxiao Long , Wei Yin