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Recurrent neural networks are effective models to process sequences. However, they are unable to learn long-term dependencies because of their inherent sequential nature. As a solution, Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer, a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Quentin Fournier , Gaétan Marceau Caron , Daniel Aloise

Transformers have shown dominant performance across a range of domains including language and vision. However, their computational cost grows quadratically with the sequence length, making their usage prohibitive for resource-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yinghan Long , Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Kaushik Roy

As Transformer-based models have achieved impressive performance on various time series tasks, Long-Term Series Forecasting (LTSF) tasks have also received extensive attention in recent years. However, due to the inherent computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Daojun Liang , Haixia Zhang , Dongfeng Yuan , Xiaoyan Ma , Dongyang Li , Minggao Zhang

The transformer architecture predominates across various models. As the heart of the transformer, attention has a computational complexity of $O(N^2)$, compared to $O(N)$ for linear transformations. When handling large sequence lengths,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jintao Zhang , Jia Wei , Haofeng Huang , Pengle Zhang , Jun Zhu , Jianfei Chen

Modeling of longitudinal cohort data typically involves complex temporal dependencies between multiple variables. There, the transformer architecture, which has been highly successful in language and vision applications, allows us to…

The Transformer model is widely successful on many natural language processing tasks. However, the quadratic complexity of self-attention limit its application on long text. In this paper, adopting a fine-to-coarse attention mechanism on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Zihao Ye , Qipeng Guo , Quan Gan , Xipeng Qiu , Zheng Zhang

Can a transformer learn which attention entries matter during training? In principle, yes: attention distributions are highly concentrated, and a small gate network can identify the important entries post-hoc with near-perfect accuracy. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Keston Aquino-Michaels

Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to…

Transformer-based models have become the state of the art across multiple domains, from natural language processing to machine listening, thanks to the attention mechanisms. However, the attention layers require a large number of parameters…

Transformers have demonstrated great success in numerous domains including natural language processing and bioinformatics. This success stems from the use of the attention mechanism by these models in order to represent and propagate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Nathaniel Tomczak , Sanmukh Kuppannagari

Transformer architectures have led to remarkable progress in many state-of-art applications. However, despite their successes, modern transformers rely on the self-attention mechanism, whose time- and space-complexity is quadratic in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Feyza Duman Keles , Pruthuvi Mahesakya Wijewardena , Chinmay Hegde

Self-attention-based transformer models have achieved tremendous success in the domain of natural language processing. Despite their efficacy, accelerating the transformer is challenging due to its quadratic computational complexity and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Shikhar Tuli , Niraj K. Jha

Transformers empirically perform precise probabilistic reasoning in carefully constructed ``Bayesian wind tunnels'' and in large-scale language models, yet the mechanisms by which gradient-based learning creates the required internal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Naman Agarwal , Siddhartha R. Dalal , Vishal Misra

The success of self-attention lies in its ability to capture long-range dependencies and enhance context understanding, but it is limited by its computational complexity and challenges in handling sequential data with inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Md Kowsher , Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Chun-Nam Yu , Ozlem Ozmen Garibay , Niloofar Yousefi

VRAM requirements for transformer models scale quadratically with context length due to the self-attention mechanism. In this paper we modify the decoder-only transformer, replacing self-attention with InAttention, which scales linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Joseph Eisner

The Outstanding performance and growing size of Large Language Models has led to increased attention in parameter efficient learning. The two predominant approaches are Adapters and Pruning. Adapters are to freeze the model and give it a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Guorun Wang , Jun Yang , Yaoru Sun

The unmatched ability of Deep Neural Networks in capturing complex patterns in large and noisy datasets is often associated with their large hypothesis space, and consequently to the vast amount of parameters that characterize model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Enrico Ballini , Luca Muscarnera , Alessio Fumagalli , Anna Scotti , Francesco Regazzoni

Identifying words that impact a task's performance more than others is a challenge in natural language processing. Transformers models have recently addressed this issue by incorporating an attention mechanism that assigns greater attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Neşet Özkan Tan , Alex Yuxuan Peng , Joshua Bensemann , Qiming Bao , Tim Hartill , Mark Gahegan , Michael Witbrock

Linear transformers aim to reduce the quadratic space-time complexity of vanilla transformers. However, they usually suffer from degraded performances on various tasks and corpus. In this paper, we examine existing kernel-based linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Zhen Qin , XiaoDong Han , Weixuan Sun , Dongxu Li , Lingpeng Kong , Nick Barnes , Yiran Zhong

Transformer language models have driven significant progress across various fields, including natural language processing and computer vision. A central component of these models is the self-attention (SA) mechanism, which learns rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Suvadeep Hajra