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Deep neural networks often contain far more parameters than training examples, yet they still manage to generalize well in practice. Classical complexity measures such as VC-dimension or PAC-Bayes bounds usually become vacuous in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Aviral Dhingra

Deep neural networks often generalize well despite heavy over-parameterization, challenging classical parameter-based analyses. We study generalization from a representation-centric perspective and analyze how the geometry of learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Junjie Yu , Zhuoli Ouyang , Haotian Deng , Chen Wei , Wenxiao Ma , Jianyu Zhang , Zihan Deng , Quanying Liu

We study the generalization of deep learning models in relation to the convex hull of their training sets. A trained image classifier basically partitions its domain via decision boundaries and assigns a class to each of those partitions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Roozbeh Yousefzadeh

Deep learning models have lately shown great performance in various fields such as computer vision, speech recognition, speech translation, and natural language processing. However, alongside their state-of-the-art performance, it is still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Daniel Jakubovitz , Raja Giryes , Miguel R. D. Rodrigues

The lack of out-of-domain generalization is a critical weakness of deep networks for semantic segmentation. Previous studies relied on the assumption of a static model, i. e., once the training process is complete, model parameters remain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Sherwin Bahmani , Oliver Hahn , Eduard Zamfir , Nikita Araslanov , Daniel Cremers , Stefan Roth

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with momentum is widely used for training modern deep learning architectures. While it is well-understood that using momentum can lead to faster convergence rate in various settings, it has also been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Samy Jelassi , Yuanzhi Li

Deep learning has arguably achieved tremendous success in recent years. In simple words, deep learning uses the composition of many nonlinear functions to model the complex dependency between input features and labels. While neural networks…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-16 Jianqing Fan , Cong Ma , Yiqiao Zhong

Deep neural networks generalize well despite being heavily overparameterized, in apparent contradiction with classical learning theory based on uniform convergence over fixed hypothesis spaces. Uniform bounds over the entire parameter space…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-15 Hubert Leroux , Jean Marcus , Julien Roger

Standard optimization theories struggle to explain grokking, where generalization occurs long after training convergence. While geometric studies attribute this to slow drift, they often overlook the interaction between the optimizer's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Pratyush Acharya , Habish Dhakal

In the context of classification problems, Deep Learning (DL) approaches represent state of art. Many DL approaches are based on variations of standard multi-layer feed-forward neural networks. These are also referred to as deep networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete

While most deep learning architectures are built on convolution, alternative foundations like morphology are being explored for purposes like interpretability and its connection to the analysis and processing of geometric structures. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Muhammad Aminul Islam , Bryce Murray , Andrew Buck , Derek T. Anderson , Grant Scott , Mihail Popescu , James Keller

Machine learning models trained with \emph{stochastic} gradient descent (SGD) can generalize better than those trained with deterministic gradient descent (GD). In this work, we study SGD's impact on generalization through the lens of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hongjian Lan , Yucong Liu , Florian Schäfer

In recent years, deep learning researchers have focused on how to find the interpretability behind deep learning models. However, today cognitive competence of human has not completely covered the deep learning model. In other words, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Jinwei Zhao , Qizhou Wang , Yufei Wang , Xinhong Hei , Yu Liu

Epoch-wise double descent is the phenomenon where generalisation performance improves beyond the point of overfitting, resulting in a generalisation curve exhibiting two descents under the course of learning. Understanding the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Amanda Olmin , Fredrik Lindsten

It is widely observed that deep learning models with learned parameters generalize well, even with much more model parameters than the number of training samples. We systematically investigate the underlying reasons why deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Lei Wu , Zhanxing Zhu , Weinan E

Grokking, or delayed generalization, is a phenomenon where generalization in a deep neural network (DNN) occurs long after achieving near zero training error. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of grokking in specific controlled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun , Randall Balestriero , Richard Baraniuk

Parametric approaches to Learning, such as deep learning (DL), are highly popular in nonlinear regression, in spite of their extremely difficult training with their increasing complexity (e.g. number of layers in DL). In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-23 Ashkan Panahi , Hamid Krim , Liyi Dai

This work investigates the generalization behavior of deep neural networks (DNNs), focusing on the phenomenon of "fooling examples," where DNNs confidently classify inputs that appear random or unstructured to humans. To explore this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Yen-Lung Lai , Zhe Jin

A deep equilibrium model uses implicit layers, which are implicitly defined through an equilibrium point of an infinite sequence of computation. It avoids any explicit computation of the infinite sequence by finding an equilibrium point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Kenji Kawaguchi

There is a recent surge of interest in designing deep architectures based on the update steps in traditional algorithms, or learning neural networks to improve and replace traditional algorithms. While traditional algorithms have certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Xinshi Chen , Hanjun Dai , Yu Li , Xin Gao , Le Song