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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance and rapid progress in a wide range of medical reasoning tasks. However, their sequential autoregressive decoding forces inherently parallel clinical reasoning, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jianwen Chen , Xinyu Yang , Peng Xia , Arian Azarang , Yueh Z Lee , Gang Li , Hongtu Zhu , Yun Li , Beidi Chen , Huaxiu Yao

From professional research to everyday planning, many tasks are bottlenecked by wide-scale information seeking, which is more repetitive than cognitively complex. With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), automated search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Ryan Wong , Jiawei Wang , Junjie Zhao , Li Chen , Yan Gao , Long Zhang , Xuan Zhou , Zuo Wang , Kai Xiang , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Yang Wang , Ke Wang

Evaluating large language models (LLM) in clinical scenarios is crucial to assessing their potential clinical utility. Existing benchmarks rely heavily on static question-answering, which does not accurately depict the complex, sequential…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Samuel Schmidgall , Rojin Ziaei , Carl Harris , Eduardo Reis , Jeffrey Jopling , Michael Moor

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel on standardized medical exams, high scores often fail to translate to high-quality responses for real-world medical queries. Current evaluations rely heavily on multiple-choice questions, failing to…

Clinical decision making (CDM) is a complex, dynamic process crucial to healthcare delivery, yet it remains a significant challenge for artificial intelligence systems. While Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have been tested on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jie Liu , Wenxuan Wang , Zizhan Ma , Guolin Huang , Yihang SU , Kao-Jung Chang , Wenting Chen , Haoliang Li , Linlin Shen , Michael Lyu

Large language models (LLMs), despite their remarkable progress across various general domains, encounter significant barriers in medicine and healthcare. This field faces unique challenges such as domain-specific terminologies and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Xiangru Tang , Anni Zou , Zhuosheng Zhang , Ziming Li , Yilun Zhao , Xingyao Zhang , Arman Cohan , Mark Gerstein

Current evaluations of medical consultation agents often prioritize outcome-oriented tasks, frequently overlooking the end-to-end process integrity and clinical safety essential for real-world practice. While recent interactive benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chuhan Qiao , Jianghua Huang , Daxing Zhao , Ziding Liu , Yanjun Shen , Bing Cheng , Wei Lin , Kai Wu

Patient-clinician communication is an asymmetric-information problem: patients often do not disclose fears, misconceptions, or practical barriers unless clinicians elicit them skillfully. Effective medical dialogue therefore requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yikun Han , Joey Chan , Jingyuan Chen , Mengting Ai , Simo Du , Yue Guo

The application of the Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in medical clinical scenarios remains underexplored. Previous benchmarks only focus on the capacity of the MLLMs in medical visual question-answering (VQA) or report…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Hongcheng Liu , Yusheng Liao , Siqv Ou , Yuhao Wang , Heyang Liu , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

Despite the rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, robust and explainable evaluation of their ability to assess clinical trial reporting according to CONSORT standards remains an open challenge. In particular,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Sohyeon Jeon , Hyung-Chul Lee

With appropriate data selection and training techniques, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional success in various medical examinations and multiple-choice questions. However, the application of LLMs in medical dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jiageng Wu , Xian Wu , Yefeng Zheng , Jie Yang

Recent progress in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has demonstrated promising performance on medical benchmarks and in preliminary trials as clinical assistants. Yet, our pilot audit of diagnostic cases uncovers a critical failure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hongjun Liu , Yinghao Zhu , Yuhui Wang , Yitao Long , Zeyu Lai , Lequan Yu , Chen Zhao

Biomedical queries often rely on a deep understanding of specialized knowledge such as gene regulatory mechanisms and pathological processes of diseases. They require detailed analysis of complex physiological processes and effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Congying Liu , Xingyuan Wei , Peipei Liu , Yiqing Shen , Yanxu Mao , Tiehan Cui

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in various downstream task domains. However, their abilities to directly recall and apply factual medical knowledge remains under-explored. Most existing medical QA benchmarks assess…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Jiaxi Li , Yiwei Wang , Kai Zhang , Yujun Cai , Bryan Hooi , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang , Jin Lu

MedCalc-Bench is a widely used benchmark for evaluating LLM performance on clinical calculator tasks, with state-of-the-art direct prompting scores plateauing around 35% on the Verified split (HELM MedHELM leaderboard) and the best…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Artus Krohn-Grimberghe

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant promise in clinical diagnosis. However, current models struggle to emulate the iterative, diagnostic hypothesis-driven reasoning of real clinical scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Qipeng Wang , Rui Sheng , Yafei Li , Huamin Qu , Yushi Sun , Min Zhu

Users typically engage with LLMs interactively, yet most existing benchmarks evaluate them in a static, single-turn format, posing reliability concerns in interactive scenarios. We identify a key obstacle towards reliability: LLMs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Shuyue Stella Li , Vidhisha Balachandran , Shangbin Feng , Jonathan S. Ilgen , Emma Pierson , Pang Wei Koh , Yulia Tsvetkov

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have tremendous potential to improve the accuracy, availability, and cost-effectiveness of healthcare by providing automated solutions or serving as aids to medical professionals. Despite promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Mohammad Shahab Sepehri , Zalan Fabian , Maryam Soltanolkotabi , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various specialist domains and have been integrated into high-stakes areas such as medicine. However, as existing medical-related benchmarks rarely stress-test…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Lin Yang , Yuancheng Yang , Xu Wang , Changkun Liu , Haihua Yang

Multimodal language models (MLMs) show promise for clinical decision support and diagnostic reasoning, raising the prospect of end-to-end automated medical image interpretation. However, clinicians are highly selective in adopting AI tools;…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Mahtab Bigverdi , Wisdom Ikezogwo , Kevin Zhang , Hyewon Jeong , Mingyu Lu , Sungjae Cho , Linda Shapiro , Ranjay Krishna
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