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Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer Decoders have become the preferred choice for conversational generative AI. Despite the overall superiority of the Decoder architecture, the gradually increasing Key-Value (KV) cache during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Guoming Liu , Baoyuan Qi , Hai Zhao

Quantization is a proven effective method for compressing large language models. Although popular techniques like W8A8 and W4A16 effectively maintain model performance, they often fail to concurrently speed up the prefill and decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Ying Zhang , Peng Zhang , Mincong Huang , Jingyang Xiang , Yujie Wang , Chao Wang , Yineng Zhang , Lei Yu , Chuan Liu , Wei Lin

Quantization can accelerate large language model (LLM) inference. Going beyond INT8 quantization, the research community is actively exploring even lower precision, such as INT4. Nonetheless, state-of-the-art INT4 quantization techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Yujun Lin , Haotian Tang , Shang Yang , Zhekai Zhang , Guangxuan Xiao , Chuang Gan , Song Han

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited exciting progress in multiple scenarios, while the huge computational demands hinder their deployments in lots of real-world applications. As an effective means to reduce memory footprint and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yijun Liu , Yuan Meng , Fang Wu , Shenhao Peng , Hang Yao , Chaoyu Guan , Chen Tang , Xinzhu Ma , Zhi Wang , Wenwu Zhu

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a primary approach for deploying large language models without fine-tuning, and the quantized performance is often strongly affected by the calibration in PTQ. By contrast, in vision-language models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhenhao Shang , Haizhao Jing , Guoting Wei , Haokui Zhang , Rong Xiao , Jianqing Gao , Peng Wang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) under resource constraints is a significant challenge in deep learning. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), pruning, and quantization are all effective methods for improving resource efficiency. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Changhai Zhou , Shiyang Zhang , Yuhua Zhou , Zekai Liu , Shichao Weng

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown their remarkable capacities in many NLP tasks. However, their substantial size often presents challenges for deployment. This necessitates efficient techniques for model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Robin Baki Davidsson , Pierre Nugues

As they become more capable, large language models (LLMs) have continued to rapidly increase in size. This has exacerbated the difficulty in running state of the art LLMs on small, edge devices. Standard techniques advocate solving this…

Post-training quantization has emerged as a widely adopted technique for compressing and accelerating the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs). The primary challenges in LLMs quantization stem from activation outliers, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Xiusheng Huang , Zhe Li , Xuanwu Yin , Lu Wang , Yequan Wang , Dong Li , Emad Barsoum , Kang Liu

Key-Value (KV) cache quantization has become a widely adopted optimization technique for efficient large language models (LLMs) inference by reducing KV cache memory usage and mitigating memory-bound constraints. Recent studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zunhai Su , Kehong Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven highly effective in automating software engineering tasks, bridging natural language and code semantics to achieve notable results in code generation and summarization. However, their scale incurs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Md Zahidul Haque , Saima Afrin , Antonio Mastropaolo

We present QuantX: a tailored suite of recipes for LLM and VLM quantization. It is capable of quantizing down to 3-bit resolutions with minimal loss in performance. The quantization strategies in QuantX take into account hardware-specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Muhammad Ahmad , Khurram Mazher , Saqib Akram , Ahmad Tameem , Saad Bin Nasir

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is often limited by the memory available on commodity GPUs. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods such as QLoRA reduce the number of trainable parameters, yet still incur high memory usage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Estelle Zheng , Nathan Cerisara , Sébastien Warichet , Emmanuel Helbert , Christophe Cerisara

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on mobile devices, where Neural Processing Units (NPUs) necessitate fully static quantization for optimal inference efficiency. However, existing post-training quantization (PTQ)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jinghe Zhang , Daliang Xu , Chenghua Wang , Weikai Xie , Tao Qi , Yun Ma , Mengwei Xu , Gang Huang

Outliers widely occur in big-data applications and may severely affect statistical estimation and inference. In this paper, a framework of outlier-resistant estimation is introduced to robustify an arbitrarily given loss function. It has a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-20 Yiyuan She , Zhifeng Wang , Jiahui Shen

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are leading strategies for using near-term quantum devices, with a well-studied bottleneck being their trainability. Standard expectation-value objectives with expressive circuits frequently encounter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Yixian Qiu , Josep Lumbreras , Xiufan Li , Patrick Rebentrost

Despite the superior performance, Large Language Models~(LLMs) require significant computational resources for deployment and use. To overcome this issue, quantization methods have been widely applied to reduce the memory footprint of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Peiyu Liu , Zikang Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Dawei Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Ji-Rong Wen

The Qwen series has emerged as a leading family of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs), demonstrating remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding tasks. With the recent release of Qwen3, which exhibits superior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Xingyu Zheng , Yuye Li , Haoran Chu , Yue Feng , Xudong Ma , Jie Luo , Jinyang Guo , Haotong Qin , Michele Magno , Xianglong Liu

Large language models (LLMs) can now handle longer sequences of tokens, enabling complex tasks like book understanding and generating lengthy novels. However, the key-value (KV) cache required for LLMs consumes substantial memory as context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Haojie Duanmu , Zhihang Yuan , Xiuhong Li , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

Finetuned large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in financial tasks, such as sentiment analysis and information retrieval. Due to privacy concerns, finetuning and deploying Financial LLMs (FinLLMs) locally are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Dannong Wang , Daniel Kim , Bo Jin , Xingjian Zhao , Tianfan Fu , Steve Yang , Xiao-Yang Liu