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The exploration-exploitation trade-off is central to sequential decision-making and black-box optimization, yet how Large Language Models (LLMs) reason about and manage this trade-off remains poorly understood. Unlike Bayesian Optimization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Andrea Carbonati , Mohammadsina Almasi , Hadis Anahideh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered considerable attention owing to their remarkable capabilities, leading to an increasing number of companies offering LLMs as services. Different LLMs achieve different performance at different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao , Van-Hoang Le , Zhiqiang Li

LLM-based agents often operate in a greedy, step-by-step manner, selecting actions solely based on the current observation without considering long-term consequences or alternative paths. This lack of foresight is particularly problematic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mahir Labib Dihan , Tanzima Hashem , Mohammed Eunus Ali , Md Rizwan Parvez

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of applications, their performance often degrades in complex reasoning tasks. In this work, we introduce SELT (Self-Evaluation LLM Tree Search), a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mengsong Wu , Di Zhang , Yuqiang Li , Dongzhan Zhou , Wenliang Chen

Robotic assembly tasks remain an open challenge due to their long horizon nature and complex part relations. Behavior trees (BTs) are increasingly used in robot task planning for their modularity and flexibility, but creating them manually…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Jicong Ao , Fan Wu , Yansong Wu , Abdalla Swikir , Sami Haddadin

Agent \texttt{skills} are structured collections of instructions, tools, and supporting resources that help large language model (LLM) agents perform particular classes of tasks. Empirical evidence shows that the design of \texttt{skills}…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Chenyi Huang , Haoting Zhang , Jingxu Xu , Zeyu Zheng , Yunduan Lin

Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a family of sampling-based search algorithms widely used for online planning in sequential decision-making domains and at the heart of many recent advances in artificial intelligence. Understanding the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Yiyu Qian , Tim Miller , Zheng Qian , Liyuan Zhao

Label tree-based algorithms are widely used to tackle multi-class and multi-label problems with a large number of labels. We focus on a particular subclass of these algorithms that use probabilistic classifiers in the tree nodes. Examples…

Language agents based on large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great promise in automating web-based tasks. Recent work has shown that incorporating advanced planning algorithms, e.g., tree search, is advantageous over reactive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yu Gu , Kai Zhang , Yuting Ning , Boyuan Zheng , Boyu Gou , Tianci Xue , Cheng Chang , Sanjari Srivastava , Yanan Xie , Peng Qi , Huan Sun , Yu Su

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by using additional inference-time computation to explore multiple reasoning paths through search. Yet how to allocate a fixed rollout budget most effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xinglin Wang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Yueqi Zhang , Jiayi Shi , Chuyi Tan , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced code generation efficiency, they face inherent challenges in balancing performance and inference costs across diverse programming tasks. Dynamically selecting the optimal LLM…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Junhang Cheng , Fang Liu , Chengru Wu , Li Zhang

Owing to their reasoning capabilities, large language models (LLMs) have been evaluated on planning tasks described in natural language. However, LLMs have largely been tested on planning domains without constraints. In order to deploy them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Periklis Mantenoglou , Rishi Hazra , Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires , Luc De Raedt

Search plays a fundamental role in problem-solving across various domains, with most real-world decision-making problems being solvable through systematic search. Drawing inspiration from recent discussions on search and learning, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Minhua Lin , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Jingying Zeng , Zhenwei Dai , Chen Luo , Zheng Li , Xiang Zhang , Qi He , Suhang Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have empowered embodied agents with remarkable capabilities in planning and reasoning. However, when facing ambiguous natural language instructions (e.g., "fetch the tool" in a cluttered room),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Weijie Zhou , Xuangtang Xiong , Ye Tian , Lijun Yue , Xinyu Wu , Wei Li , Chaoyang Zhao , Honghui Dong , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang , Zhengyou Zhang

A diverse array of reasoning strategies has been proposed to elicit the capabilities of large language models. However, in this paper, we point out that traditional evaluations which focus solely on performance metrics miss a key factor:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Junlin Wang , Siddhartha Jain , Dejiao Zhang , Baishakhi Ray , Varun Kumar , Ben Athiwaratkun

LLM-based agents show strong potential for long-horizon reasoning, yet their context size is limited by deployment factors (e.g., memory, latency, and cost), yielding a constrained context budget. As interaction histories grow, this induces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yong Wu , YanZhao Zheng , TianZe Xu , ZhenTao Zhang , YuanQiang Yu , JiHuai Zhu , Chao Ma , BinBin Lin , BaoHua Dong , HangCheng Zhu , RuoHui Huang , Gang Yu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have spurred growing interest in automatic theorem proving using Lean4, where effective tree search methods are crucial for navigating the underlying large proof search spaces. While the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ran Xin , Chenguang Xi , Jie Yang , Feng Chen , Hang Wu , Xia Xiao , Yifan Sun , Shen Zheng , Kai Shen

The capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to plan remains a topic of debate. Some critics argue that strategies to boost LLMs' reasoning skills are ineffective in planning tasks, while others report strong outcomes merely from training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Sukai Huang , Trevor Cohn , Nir Lipovetzky

Integrated task and motion planning (TAMP) is desirable for generalized autonomy robots but it is challenging at the same time. TAMP requires the planner to not only search in both the large symbolic task space and the high-dimension motion…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Tianyu Ren , Georgia Chalvatzaki , Jan Peters

We introduce a simple yet effective sampling-based planner that is tailored for bottleneck pathfinding: Given an implicitly-defined cost map $\mathcal{M}:\mathbb{R}^d\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, which assigns to every point in space a real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-09-28 Kiril Solovey , Dan Halperin