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Understanding a program's runtime reasoning behavior, meaning how intermediate states and control flows lead to final execution results, is essential for reliable code generation, debugging, and automated reasoning. Although large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mohammad Abdollahi , Khandaker Rifah Tasnia , Soumit Kanti Saha , Jinqiu Yang , Song Wang , Hadi Hemmati

Omni-modal large language models (om-LLMs) achieve unified audio-visual understanding by encoding video and audio into temporally aligned token sequences interleaved at the window level. However, processing these dense non-textual tokens…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zijie Xin , Jie Yang , Ruixiang Zhao , Tianyi Wang , Fengyun Rao , Jing Lyu , Xirong Li

With the rise of large-scale foundation models, efficiently adapting them to downstream tasks remains a central challenge. Linear probing, which freezes the backbone and trains a lightweight head, is computationally efficient but often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Laure Ciernik , Marco Morik , Lukas Thede , Luca Eyring , Shinichi Nakajima , Zeynep Akata , Lukas Muttenthaler

Feedforward network (FFN) layers account for a large fraction of parameters and nonlinear expressivity in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs). Despite the evolution from ReLU and GELU to gated variants such as SwiGLU, most FFN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mingze Wang , Jinbo Wang , Yikuan Xia , Kai Shen , Shu Zhong

This chapter bridges technical analysis and organizational preparedness by tracing the path from layered failure modes to reliability awareness in generative and agentic AI systems. We first introduce an 11-layer failure stack, a structured…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Janet , Lin , Liangwei Zhang

This work studies how to adaptively recompute key-value (KV) caches for diffusion large language models (DLMs) to maximize prediction accuracy while minimizing decoding latency. Prior methods' decoders recompute QKV for all tokens at every…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Quan Nguyen-Tri , Mukul Ranjan , Zhiqiang Shen

While the Self-Attention mechanism in the Transformer model has proven to be effective in many domains, we observe that it is less effective in more diverse settings (e.g. multimodality) due to the varying granularity of each token and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Wayner Barrios , SouYoung Jin

Retrieval-augmented large language models (LLMs) have been remarkably competent in various NLP tasks. However, it was observed by previous works that retrieval is not always helpful, especially when the LLM is already knowledgeable on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Chengkai Huang , Yu Xia , Rui Wang , Kaige Xie , Tong Yu , Julian McAuley , Lina Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive generative capabilities across diverse tasks but remain susceptible to hallucinations, confidently generated yet factually incorrect outputs. We introduce a reference-free,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Keshav Kumar

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models offer a promising path to generalist robot control, but their inference latency causes observation staleness when generated actions are executed asynchronously. Several methods have been proposed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ayoub Agouzoul

Active learning seeks to reduce the amount of data required to fit the parameters of a model, thus forming an important class of techniques in modern machine learning. However, past work on active learning has largely overlooked latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Aditi Jha , Zoe C. Ashwood , Jonathan W. Pillow

Selective layer-wise updates are essential for low-cost continued pre-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet determining which layers to freeze or train remains an empirical black-box problem due to the lack of interpretable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yu-Hang Wu , Qin-Yuan Liu , Qiu-Yang Zhao , Bo Jiang , Jiang-Feng Yang , Qing-Wei Cong

Diffusion Transformers have recently demonstrated unprecedented generative capabilities for various tasks. The encouraging results, however, come with the cost of slow inference, since each denoising step requires inference on a transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Xinyin Ma , Gongfan Fang , Michael Bi Mi , Xinchao Wang

This research aims to unravel how large language models (LLMs) iteratively refine token predictions through internal processing. We utilized a logit lens technique to analyze the model's token predictions derived from intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jaturong Kongmanee

Scaling depth is a key driver for large language models (LLMs). Yet, as LLMs become deeper, they often suffer from signal degradation: informative features formed in shallow layers are gradually diluted by repeated residual updates, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lianghui Zhu , Yuxin Fang , Bencheng Liao , Shijie Wang , Tianheng Cheng , Zilong Huang , Chen Chen , Lai Wei , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Yi Lin , Yu Li , Xinggang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance, yet further gains often require costly training. This has motivated growing interest in post-training techniques-especially training-free approaches that improve models at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jingtao Wang , Yucong Wang , Jun Ding , Rui Cai , Xun Wang

Modern language models (LMs) have significantly advanced generative modeling in natural language processing (NLP). Despite their success, LMs often struggle with adaptation to new contexts in real-time applications. A promising approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Hieu Trung Nguyen , Bao Nguyen , Binh Nguyen , Viet Anh Nguyen

Language models are often trained to maximize the likelihood of the next token given past tokens in the training dataset. However, during inference time, they are utilized differently, generating text sequentially and auto-regressively by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Zhepeng Cen , Yao Liu , Siliang Zeng , Pratik Chaudhari , Huzefa Rangwala , George Karypis , Rasool Fakoor

Steering large language models (LLMs) is usually done by either instruction prompting or activation steering. Prompting often gives strong control, but caches guidance tokens at every layer and can clutter long interactions; activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Andy Zeyi Liu , Michael Zhang , Ilana Greenberg , Adam Alnasser , Lucas Baker , John Sous

This study proposes a multi-agent language framework that enables continual strategy evolution without fine-tuning the language model's parameters. The core idea is to liberate the latent vectors of abstract concepts from traditional static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Wenlong Tang