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Large language models (LLMs) have scaled up to unlock a wide range of complex reasoning tasks with the aid of various prompting methods. However, current prompting methods generate natural language intermediate steps to help reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yi Hu , Haotong Yang , Zhouchen Lin , Muhan Zhang

As test-time scaling becomes a pivotal research frontier in Large Language Models (LLMs) development, contemporary and advanced post-training methodologies increasingly focus on extending the generation length of long Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shifted the post-training paradigm from traditional instruction tuning and human preference alignment toward reinforcement learning (RL) focused on reasoning capabilities. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Qianxi He , Qingyu Ren , Shanzhe Lei , Xuhong Wang , Yingchun Wang

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has marked a significant advancement in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Previous studies have developed various extensions of CoT, which focus primarily on enhancing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xin Xu , Shizhe Diao , Can Yang , Yang Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful framework for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, most existing RL approaches rely on sparse outcome rewards, which fail to credit correct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Haolin Liu , Dian Yu , Sidi Lu , Yujun Zhou , Rui Liu , Zhenwen Liang , Haitao Mi , Chen-Yu Wei , Dong Yu

Process Reward Models (PRMs), which assign fine-grained scores to intermediate reasoning steps within a solution trajectory, have emerged as a promising approach to enhance the reasoning quality of Large Language Models (LLMs). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Lingyin Zhang , Jun Gao , Xiaoxue Ren , Ziqiang Cao

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown that it is promising to utilize Process Reward Models (PRMs) as verifiers to enhance the performance of LLMs. However, current PRMs face three key challenges: (1) limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Jian Zhao , Runze Liu , Kaiyan Zhang , Zhimu Zhou , Junqi Gao , Dong Li , Jiafei Lyu , Zhouyi Qian , Biqing Qi , Xiu Li , Bowen Zhou

The Chain-of-Thought (CoT) paradigm, while enhancing the interpretability of Large Language Models (LLMs), is constrained by the inefficiencies and expressive limits of natural language. Latent Chain-of-Thought (latent CoT) reasoning, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaocheng Luo , Kang Wang , Zaifu Zhan , Yuechi Zhou , Xiangyu Duan

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) demonstrate strong performance on complex tasks but often suffer from excessive verbosity, known as "overthinking." Existing solutions via reinforcement learning (RL) typically penalize generated tokens to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Canhui Wu , Qiong Cao , Chang Li , Zhenfang Wang , Chao Xue , Yuwei Fan , Wei Xi , Xiaodong He

Data annotated by humans is a source of knowledge by describing the peculiarities of the problem and therefore fueling the decision process of the trained model. Unfortunately, the annotation process for subjective natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Kamil Kanclerz , Julita Bielaniewicz , Marcin Gruza , Jan Kocon , Stanisław Woźniak , Przemysław Kazienko

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning boosts large language models' (LLMs) performance on complex tasks but faces two key limitations: a lack of reliability when solely relying on LLM-generated reasoning chains and lower reasoning performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Feiyang Li , Peng Fang , Zhan Shi , Arijit Khan , Fang Wang , Weihao Wang , Xin Zhang , Yongjian Cui

Large reasoning models (LRMs) spend substantial test-time compute on long chain-of-thought (CoT) traces, but what *characterizes* an effective CoT remains unclear. While prior work reports gains from lengthening CoTs and increasing review…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yunzhen Feng , Julia Kempe , Cheng Zhang , Parag Jain , Anthony Hartshorn

Scaling inference compute enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs), with long chains-of-thought (CoTs) enabling strategies like backtracking and error correction. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Edward Yeo , Yuxuan Tong , Morry Niu , Graham Neubig , Xiang Yue

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning in vision language models (VLMs) is crucial for improving interpretability and trustworthiness. However, current training recipes lack robust CoT reasoning data, relying on datasets dominated by short…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ruohong Zhang , Bowen Zhang , Yanghao Li , Haotian Zhang , Zhiqing Sun , Zhe Gan , Yinfei Yang , Ruoming Pang , Yiming Yang

Data annotation and synthesis generally refers to the labeling or generating of raw data with relevant information, which could be used for improving the efficacy of machine learning models. The process, however, is labor-intensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Zhen Tan , Dawei Li , Song Wang , Alimohammad Beigi , Bohan Jiang , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Mansooreh Karami , Jundong Li , Lu Cheng , Huan Liu

We introduce Meta-Reasoning Prompting (MRP), a novel and efficient system prompting method for large language models (LLMs) inspired by human meta-reasoning. Traditional in-context learning-based reasoning techniques, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Peizhong Gao , Ao Xie , Shaoguang Mao , Wenshan Wu , Yan Xia , Haipeng Mi , Furu Wei

Training on large amounts of rationales (i.e., CoT Fine-tuning) is effective at improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, acquiring human-authored rationales or augmenting rationales from proprietary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Hyeonbin Hwang , Doyoung Kim , Seungone Kim , Seonghyeon Ye , Minjoon Seo

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown promising capabilities in reasoning tasks, yet still struggle with complex problems requiring explicit self-reflection and self-correction, especially compared to their unimodal text-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zhongwei Wan , Zhihao Dou , Che Liu , Yu Zhang , Dongfei Cui , Qinjian Zhao , Hui Shen , Jing Xiong , Yi Xin , Yifan Jiang , Chaofan Tao , Yangfan He , Mi Zhang , Shen Yan

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, the stored knowledge in these models may inevitably be incomplete, out-of-date, or incorrect. This motivates the need to utilize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Hangfeng He , Hongming Zhang , Dan Roth

Longitudinal information in radiology reports refers to the sequential tracking of findings across multiple examinations over time, which is crucial for monitoring disease progression and guiding clinical decisions. Many recent automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Xinyi Wang , Grazziela Figueredo , Ruizhe Li , Xin Chen
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