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Planning is a fundamental task in artificial intelligence that involves finding a sequence of actions that achieve a specified goal in a given environment. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for applications that require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Eran Hirsch , Guy Uziel , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

The assurance of mobile app GUI has become increasingly important, as the GUI serves as the primary medium of interaction between users and apps. Although numerous automated GUI testing approaches have been developed with diverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shengcheng Yu , Yuchen Ling , Chunrong Fang , Quan Zhou , Yi Zhao , Chunyang Chen , Shaomin Zhu , Zhenyu Chen

The automatic control of mobile devices is essential for efficiently performing complex tasks that involve multiple sequential steps. However, these tasks pose significant challenges due to the limited environmental information available at…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Xiaoran Yin , Xu Luo , Hao Wu , Lianli Gao , Jingkuan Song

Mobile agents powered by vision-language models have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating mobile tasks, with recent leading models achieving a marked performance leap, e.g., nearly 70% success on AndroidWorld. However, these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Kanzhi Cheng , Zehao Li , Zheng Ma , Nuo Chen , Jialin Cao , Qiushi Sun , Zichen Ding , Fangzhi Xu , Hang Yan , Jiajun Chen , Anh Tuan Luu , Jianbing Zhang , Lewei Lu , Dahua Lin

The recent progress of large language model agents has opened new possibilities for automating tasks through graphical user interfaces (GUIs), especially in mobile environments where intelligent interaction can greatly enhance usability.…

Recent advances in foundation models, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have facilitated the development of intelligent agents capable of performing complex tasks. By leveraging the…

Existing Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents operate through step-by-step calls to vision language models--taking a screenshot, reasoning about the next action, executing it, then repeating on the new page--resulting in high costs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Hongbin Zhong , Fazle Faisal , Luis França , Tanakorn Leesatapornwongsa , Adriana Szekeres , Kexin Rong , Suman Nath

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Visual Language Models (VLMs) are attracting increasing interest due to their improving performance and applications across various domains and tasks. However, LLMs and VLMs can produce erroneous results,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Michele Brienza , Francesco Argenziano , Vincenzo Suriani , Domenico D. Bloisi , Daniele Nardi

Language model (LM)-based agents have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex tasks from natural language instructions, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon planning and reasoning. To address this, we propose an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenyi Wu , Sibo Zhu , Kun Zhou , Biwei Huang

Agents based on large language models (LLMs) struggle with brainless trial-and-error and generating hallucinatory actions due to a lack of global planning in long-horizon tasks. In this paper, we introduce a plan-and-execute framework and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shuzheng Si , Haozhe Zhao , Kangyang Luo , Gang Chen , Fanchao Qi , Minjia Zhang , Baobao Chang , Maosong Sun

Mobile device operation tasks are increasingly becoming a popular multi-modal AI application scenario. Current Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), constrained by their training data, lack the capability to function effectively as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Junyang Wang , Haiyang Xu , Haitao Jia , Xi Zhang , Ming Yan , Weizhou Shen , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Jitao Sang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) promise human-like interaction with software applications, yet long-horizon tasks remain challenging due to memory limitations. Existing approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zikang Liu , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Dawei Gao , Yaliang Li , Ji-rong Wen

Grounding natural language queries in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) presents a challenging task that requires models to comprehend diverse UI elements across various applications and systems, while also accurately predicting the spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhecheng Li , Guoxian Song , Yiwei Wang , Zhen Xiong , Junsong Yuan , Yujun Cai

Embodied task planning requires agents to execute long-horizon, goal-directed actions in complex 3D environments, where success depends on both immediate perception and accumulated experience across tasks. However, most existing LLM-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xiaoyu Ma , Lianyu Hu , Wenbing Tang , Zixuan Hu , Zeqin Liao , Zhizhen Wu , Yang Liu

Real-world planning problems require constant adaptation to changing requirements and balancing of competing constraints. However, current benchmarks for evaluating LLMs' planning capabilities primarily focus on static, single-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Juhyun Oh , Eunsu Kim , Alice Oh

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Agents, powered by multimodal large language models (MLLMs), have shown great potential for task automation on computing devices such as computers and mobile phones. However, existing agents face challenges in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Yuhang Liu , Pengxiang Li , Zishu Wei , Congkai Xie , Xueyu Hu , Xinchen Xu , Shengyu Zhang , Xiaotian Han , Hongxia Yang , Fei Wu

Existing efforts in building Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents largely rely on the training paradigm of supervised fine-tuning on Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). However, this approach not only demands extensive amounts of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Run Luo , Lu Wang , Wanwei He , Longze Chen , Jiaming Li , Xiaobo Xia

Vehicle motion planning is an essential component of autonomous driving technology. Current rule-based vehicle motion planning methods perform satisfactorily in common scenarios but struggle to generalize to long-tailed situations.…

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have substantially driven the progress of autonomous agents for Graphical User Interface (GUI). Nevertheless, in real-world applications, GUI agents are often faced with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yibo Wang , Guangda Huzhang , Yuwei Hu , Yu Xia , Shiyin Lu , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Lijun Zhang

In our pursuit of advancing multi-modal AI assistants capable of guiding users to achieve complex multi-step goals, we propose the task of "Visual Planning for Assistance (VPA)". Given a succinct natural language goal, e.g., "make a shelf",…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Dhruvesh Patel , Hamid Eghbalzadeh , Nitin Kamra , Michael Louis Iuzzolino , Unnat Jain , Ruta Desai