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Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a key technique for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), with policy-gradient algorithms dominating the post-training stage because of their efficiency and effectiveness.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Chang Tian , Matthew B. Blaschko , Mingzhe Xing , Xiuxing Li , Yinliang Yue , Marie-Francine Moens

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, conventional CoT relies on explicitly verbalized intermediate steps, which constrains its broader…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xinghao Chen , Anhao Zhao , Heming Xia , Xuan Lu , Hanlin Wang , Yanjun Chen , Wei Zhang , Jian Wang , Wenjie Li , Xiaoyu Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities in complex problem-solving tasks, sparking growing interest in their application to preference reasoning in recommendation systems. Existing methods typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yang Zhang , Wenxin Xu , Xiaoyan Zhao , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Xiangnan He , Tat-Seng Chua

As the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) accelerates, token consumption from intermediate reasoning traces increasingly contributes to inference latency and operational cost. Recent studies suggest that many real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Richmond Sin Jing Xuan , Rishabh Bhardwaj , Soujanya Poria

Large Language Models (LLM) exhibit zero-shot mathematical reasoning capacity as a behavior emergent with scale, commonly manifesting as chain-of-thoughts (CoT) reasoning. However, multiple empirical findings suggest that this prowess is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Subhabrata Dutta , Joykirat Singh , Ishan Pandey , Sunny Manchanda , Soumen Chakrabarti , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance in mathematical reasoning tasks when guided by Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting. However, they tend to produce highly confident yet incorrect outputs, which poses significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Zhenjiang Mao , Artem Bisliouk , Rohith Reddy Nama , Ivan Ruchkin

To improve the reasoning capabilities of large language models, test-time compute is typically scaled by generating intermediate tokens before the final answer. However, this couples reasoning to autoregressive generation and thereby…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Lukas Aichberger , Sepp Hochreiter

Reasoning large language models (LLMs) heavily rely on scaling test-time compute to perform complex reasoning tasks by generating extensive "thinking" chains. While demonstrating impressive results, this approach incurs significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Michael Hassid , Gabriel Synnaeve , Yossi Adi , Roy Schwartz

The rapid evolution of e-commerce has exposed the limitations of traditional product retrieval systems in managing complex, multi-turn user interactions. Recent advances in multimodal generative retrieval -- particularly those leveraging…

Recent breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs) have effectively improved their reasoning abilities, particularly on mathematical and logical problems that have verifiable answers, through techniques such as supervised finetuning (SFT)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hongyi James Cai , Junlin Wang , Xiaoyin Chen , Bhuwan Dhingra

Prior work has combined chain-of-thought prompting in large language models (LLMs) with programmatic representations to perform effective and transparent reasoning. While such an approach works well for tasks that only require forward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Xi Ye , Qiaochu Chen , Isil Dillig , Greg Durrett

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various fields, the efficiency of training and inference remains a major challenge. To address this issue, we propose SUBLLM, short for Subsampling-Upsampling-Bypass…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Quandong Wang , Yuxuan Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Ruike Zhang , Kang Zhao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Daniel Povey , Bin Wang

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (RLLMs), whether explicitly trained for reasoning or prompted via chain-of-thought (CoT), have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many complex reasoning tasks. However, we uncover a surprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xiaomin Li , Zhou Yu , Zhiwei Zhang , Xupeng Chen , Ziji Zhang , Yingying Zhuang , Narayanan Sadagopan , Anurag Beniwal

We introduce OpenVLThinker, one of the first open-source large vision-language models (LVLMs) to exhibit sophisticated chain-of-thought reasoning, achieving notable performance gains on challenging visual reasoning tasks. While text-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yihe Deng , Hritik Bansal , Fan Yin , Nanyun Peng , Wei Wang , Kai-Wei Chang

This survey explores recent advancements in reasoning large language models (LLMs) designed to mimic "slow thinking" - a reasoning process inspired by human cognition, as described in Kahneman's Thinking, Fast and Slow. These models, like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Qianjun Pan , Wenkai Ji , Yuyang Ding , Junsong Li , Shilian Chen , Junyi Wang , Jie Zhou , Qin Chen , Min Zhang , Yulan Wu , Liang He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tasks requiring complex reasoning, such as code generation, mathematical problem solving, and algorithmic synthesis -- especially when aided by reasoning tokens and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jaechul Roh , Varun Gandhi , Shivani Anilkumar , Arin Garg

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

The internalization of chain-of-thought processes into hidden states has emerged as a highly efficient paradigm for scaling test-time compute. However, existing activation steering methods rely on static control vectors that fail to adapt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Zhenning Shi , Yijia Zhu , Junhan Shi , Xun Zhang , Lei Wang , Congcong Miao

Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) on traditional natural language processing tasks, their planning ability remains a critical bottleneck in tackling complex multi-step reasoning tasks. Existing approaches mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jiaxin Wen , Jian Guan , Hongning Wang , Wei Wu , Minlie Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to solve complex tasks where they must retrieve and compose many pieces of in-context information in long reasoning chains. For many real-world tasks it is hard to accurately gauge how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jackson Petty , Michael Y. Hu , Wentao Wang , Shauli Ravfogel , William Merrill , Tal Linzen