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Many applications of large language models (LLMs) require deductive reasoning, yet models frequently produce incorrect or redundant inference steps. We frame natural language inference as a search problem where the final answer is the valid…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andreas Opedal , Francesco Ignazio Re , Abulhair Saparov , Mrinmaya Sachan , Bernhard Schölkopf , Ryan Cotterell

One of the most striking findings in modern research on large language models (LLMs) is that scaling up compute during training leads to better results. However, less attention has been given to the benefits of scaling compute during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Sean Welleck , Amanda Bertsch , Matthew Finlayson , Hailey Schoelkopf , Alex Xie , Graham Neubig , Ilia Kulikov , Zaid Harchaoui

Inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful way to improve large language model (LLM) performance by generating multiple candidate responses and selecting among them. However, existing work on dynamic allocation for test-time compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jenny Y. Huang , Mehul Damani , Yousef El-Kurdi , Ramon Astudillo , Wei Sun

Test-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computational resources during inference. However, this paradigm is inherently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Shengyin Sun , Yiming Li , Xing Li , Yingzhao Lian , Weizhe Lin , Hui-Ling Zhen , Zhiyuan Yang , Chen Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Mingxuan Yuan , Chen Ma

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve superior performance by extending the thought length. However, a lengthy thinking trajectory leads to reduced efficiency. Most of the existing methods are stuck in the assumption of overthinking and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xiaoang Xu , Shuo Wang , Xu Han , Zhenghao Liu , Huijia Wu , Peipei Li , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Zhaofeng He

Test-time scaling methods have seen a rapid increase in popularity for its computational efficiency and parameter-independent training to improve reasoning performance on Large Language Models. One such method is called budget forcing, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Ravindra Aribowo Tarunokusumo , Rafael Fernandes Cunha

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities by scaling test-time compute via long Chain-of-Thought (CoT). However, recent findings suggest that raw token counts are unreliable proxies for reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Wei-Lin Chen , Liqian Peng , Tian Tan , Chao Zhao , Blake JianHang Chen , Ziqian Lin , Alec Go , Yu Meng

Increasing test-time compute for LLMs shows promise across domains but remains underexplored in code generation, despite extensive study in math. In this paper, we propose S*, the first hybrid test-time scaling framework that substantially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Dacheng Li , Shiyi Cao , Chengkun Cao , Xiuyu Li , Shangyin Tan , Kurt Keutzer , Jiarong Xing , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Large language models (LLMs) demand considerable computational, energy, and financial resources during both training and deployment. While scaling laws for training have guided much of the field's recent progress, inference costs now…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Austin R. Ellis-Mohr , Anuj K. Nayak , Lav R. Varshney

With the advancement of large language models (LLMs), solving complex reasoning tasks has gained increasing attention. Inference-time computation methods (e.g., Best-of-N, beam search, et al.) are particularly valuable as they can enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fan Liu , Wenshuo Chao , Naiqiang Tan , Hao Liu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) excel on complex problems but face a critical barrier to efficiency: reinforcement learning (RL) training requires long rollouts for outcome-based rewards, where autoregressive decoding dominates time and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Zeliang Zhang , Xiaodong Liu , Hao Cheng , Hao Sun , Chenliang Xu , Jianfeng Gao

Large Language Models (LLMs) can achieve enhanced complex problem-solving through test-time computing scaling, yet this often entails longer contexts and numerous reasoning token costs. In this paper, we propose an efficient test-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhaojian Yu , Yinghao Wu , Yilun Zhao , Arman Cohan , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Test-time scaling is a promising new approach to language modeling that uses extra test-time compute to improve performance. Recently, OpenAI's o1 model showed this capability but did not publicly share its methodology, leading to many…

We study a novel language model architecture that is capable of scaling test-time computation by implicitly reasoning in latent space. Our model works by iterating a recurrent block, thereby unrolling to arbitrary depth at test-time. This…

Test-time scaling has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, its effectiveness in medical reasoning remains uncertain, as the medical domain fundamentally differs from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Xiaoke Huang , Juncheng Wu , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Yuyin Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) now exhibit strong multi-step reasoning abilities, but existing inference-time scaling methods remain computationally expensive, often relying on extensive sampling or external evaluators. We propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nicolas Legrand , Kenneth Enevoldsen , Márton Kardos , Kristoffer Nielbo

Human reasoning is shaped by resource rationality -- optimizing performance under constraints. Recently, inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm to improve the reasoning performance of Large Language Models by expanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zhimin Hu , Riya Roshan , Sashank Varma

Generative models have made significant impacts across various domains, largely due to their ability to scale during training by increasing data, computational resources, and model size, a phenomenon characterized by the scaling laws.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Nanye Ma , Shangyuan Tong , Haolin Jia , Hexiang Hu , Yu-Chuan Su , Mingda Zhang , Xuan Yang , Yandong Li , Tommi Jaakkola , Xuhui Jia , Saining Xie

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) significantly improve the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by learning to reason, exhibiting promising performance in solving complex tasks. However, their deliberative reasoning process leads…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yue Liu , Jiaying Wu , Yufei He , Ruihan Gong , Jun Xia , Liang Li , Hongcheng Gao , Hongyu Chen , Baolong Bi , Jiaheng Zhang , Zhiqi Huang , Bryan Hooi , Stan Z. Li , Keqin Li

Scaling inference-time compute for Large Language Models (LLMs) has unlocked unprecedented reasoning capabilities. However, existing inference-time scaling methods typically rely on inefficient and suboptimal discrete search algorithms or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Peihao Wang , Ruisi Cai , Zhen Wang , Hongyuan Mei , Qiang Liu , Pan Li , Zhangyang Wang
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