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This paper presents a novel approach to deter unauthorized deepfakes and enable user tracking in generative models, even when the user has full access to the model parameters, by integrating key-based model authentication with watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Mayank Kumar Singh , Naoya Takahashi , Wei-Hsiang Liao , Yuki Mitsufuji

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) offers a promising approach to identifying AI-generated text. Existing approaches, however, either compromise the distribution of original generated text by LLMs or are limited to embedding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ya Jiang , Chuxiong Wu , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Brian Mark , Kai Zeng

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm that trains machine learning (ML) models on clients' devices in a distributed manner without the need of transmitting clients' data to the FL server. In many applications of ML,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Yuxi Zhao , Xiaowen Gong , Shiwen Mao

In real-world federated learning scenarios, participants could have their own personalized labels which are incompatible with those from other clients, due to using different label permutations or tackling completely different tasks or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Wonyong Jeong , Sung Ju Hwang

The rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) has highlighted the pressing need for reliable mechanisms to verify content ownership and ensure traceability. Watermarking offers a promising path forward, but it remains limited by privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Thomas Fargues , Ye Dong , Tianwei Zhang , Jin-Song Dong

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to applications such as question answering and content creation, reliable content attribution has become increasingly important. Watermarking is a promising approach, but most existing methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ya Jiang , Massieh Kordi Boroujeny , Surender Suresh Kumar , Kai Zeng

Given a text, can we determine whether it was generated by a large language model (LLM) or by a human? A widely studied approach to this problem is watermarking. We propose an undetectable and elementary watermarking scheme in the closed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Pedro Abdalla , Roman Vershynin

Model fragile watermarking, inspired by both the field of adversarial attacks on neural networks and traditional multimedia fragile watermarking, has gradually emerged as a potent tool for detecting tampering, and has witnessed rapid…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Zhenzhe Gao , Yu Cheng , Zhaoxia Yin

Latent-based watermarks, integrated into the generation process of latent diffusion models (LDMs), simplify detection and attribution of generated images. However, recent black-box forgery attacks, where an attacker needs at least one…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xin Zhang , Zijin Yang , Kejiang Chen , Linfeng Ma , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

A watermarking algorithm is proposed in this paper to address the copyright protection issue of implicit 3D models. The algorithm involves embedding watermarks into the images in the training set through an embedding network, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Lifeng Chen , Jia Liu , Yan Ke , Wenquan Sun , Weina Dong , Xiaozhong Pan

Protein structure is key to understanding protein function and is essential for progress in bioengineering, drug discovery, and molecular biology. Recently, with the incorporation of generative AI, the power and accuracy of computational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Zaixi Zhang , Ruofan Jin , Kaidi Fu , Le Cong , Marinka Zitnik , Mengdi Wang

In the era of costly pre-training of large language models, ensuring the intellectual property rights of model owners, and insuring that said models are responsibly deployed, is becoming increasingly important. To this end, we propose model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Vaden Masrani , Mohammad Akbari , David Ming Xuan Yue , Ahmad Rezaei , Yong Zhang

Machine learning models constitute valuable intellectual property, yet remain vulnerable to model extraction attacks (MEA), where adversaries replicate their functionality through black-box queries. Model watermarking counters MEAs by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yaxin Xiao , Qingqing Ye , Zi Liang , Haoyang Li , RongHua Li , Huadi Zheng , Haibo Hu

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning framework for collaborative model training with a network of clients (edge devices). FL offers default client privacy by allowing clients to keep their sensitive data on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Wenqi Wei , Ling Liu , Margaret Loper , Ka-Ho Chow , Mehmet Emre Gursoy , Stacey Truex , Yanzhao Wu

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

With the increasing use of large language models (LLMs) in daily life, concerns have emerged regarding their potential misuse and societal impact. Watermarking is proposed to trace the usage of specific models by injecting patterns into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Baizhou Huang , Xiaojun Wan

Recent advances in large language models have raised wide concern in generating abundant plausible source code without scrutiny, and thus tracing the provenance of code emerges as a critical issue. To solve the issue, we propose CodeMark, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Wei Li , Borui Yang , Yujie Sun , Suyu Chen , Ziyun Song , Liyao Xiang , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

Federated learning is an emerging privacy-preserving distributed machine learning that enables multiple parties to collaboratively learn a shared model while keeping each party's data private. However, federated learning faces two main…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Junchuan Liang , Rong Wang

The expansion of the open source community and the rise of large language models have raised ethical and security concerns on the distribution of source code, such as misconduct on copyrighted code, distributions without proper licenses, or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Borui Yang , Wei Li , Liyao Xiang , Bo Li

The rapid development of LLMs has raised concerns about their potential misuse, leading to various watermarking schemes that typically offer high detectability. However, existing watermarking techniques often face trade-off between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Chenrui Wang , Junyi Shu , Billy Chiu , Yu Li , Saleh Alharbi , Min Zhang , Jing Li