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Federated Language Model (FedLM) allows a collaborative learning without sharing raw data, yet it introduces a critical vulnerability, as every untrustworthy client may leak the received functional model instance. Current watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Haodong Zhao , Jinming Hu , Yijie Bai , Tian Dong , Wei Du , Zhuosheng Zhang , Yanjiao Chen , Haojin Zhu , Gongshen Liu

As deep learning applications become more prevalent, the need for extensive training examples raises concerns for sensitive, personal, or proprietary data. To overcome this, Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative model training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Elena Rodriguez-Lois , Fernando Perez-Gonzalez

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple participants to collaboratively build deep learning (DL) models without directly sharing data. Consequently, the issue of copyright protection in FL becomes important since unreliable participants may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Wenyuan Yang , Shuo Shao , Yue Yang , Xiyao Liu , Ximeng Liu , Zhihua Xia , Gerald Schaefer , Hui Fang

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm allowing multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model without sharing their local data. However, FL entails exposing the model to various participants. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Shuo Shao , Wenyuan Yang , Hanlin Gu , Zhan Qin , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang , Kui Ren

Federated Learning has been popularized in recent years for applications involving personal or sensitive data, as it allows the collaborative training of machine learning models through local updates at the data-owners' premises, which does…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Elena Rodríguez-Lois , Fabio Brau , Maura Pintor , Battista Biggio , Fernando Pérez-González

With the wide application of deep neural networks, it is important to verify a host's possession over a deep neural network model and protect the model. To meet this goal, various mechanisms have been designed. By embedding extra…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Fang-Qi Li , Shi-Lin Wang , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared global model while preserving the privacy of their local data. Within this paradigm, the intellectual property rights (IPR) of client models are critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Chen Gu , Yingying Sun , Yifan She , Donghui Hu

In federated learning (FL), $K$ clients jointly train a model without sharing raw data. Because each participant invests data and compute, clients need mechanisms to later prove the provenance of a jointly trained model. Model watermarking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tameem Bakr , Anish Ambreth , Nils Lukas

The growing popularity of Deep Neural Networks, which often require computationally expensive training and access to a vast amount of data, calls for accurate authorship verification methods to deter unlawful dissemination of the models and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Elena Rodriguez-Lois , Fernando Perez-Gonzalez

Federated learning is a distributed learning technique where machine learning models are trained on client devices in which the local training data resides. The training is coordinated via a central server which is, typically, controlled by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Buse Gul Atli , Yuxi Xia , Samuel Marchal , N. Asokan

Embedding watermarks into models has been widely used to protect model ownership in federated learning (FL). However, existing methods are inadequate for protecting the ownership of personalized models acquired by clients in personalized FL…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Yang Xu , Yunlin Tan , Cheng Zhang , Kai Chi , Peng Sun , Wenyuan Yang , Ju Ren , Hongbo Jiang , Yaoxue Zhang

Federated learning (FL) emerges as an effective collaborative learning framework to coordinate data and computation resources from massive and distributed clients in training. Such collaboration results in non-trivial intellectual property…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Shuyang Yu , Junyuan Hong , Yi Zeng , Fei Wang , Ruoxi Jia , Jiayu Zhou

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, safeguarding the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial. Current watermarking techniques against model extraction attacks, which rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Minhao Bai , Kaiyi Pang , Yongfeng Huang

Federated Learning (FL) is a technique that allows multiple participants to collaboratively train a Deep Neural Network (DNN) without the need of centralizing their data. Among other advantages, it comes with privacy-preserving properties…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Mohammed Lansari , Reda Bellafqira , Katarzyna Kapusta , Vincent Thouvenot , Olivier Bettan , Gouenou Coatrieux

Federated graph learning (FedGL) is an emerging learning paradigm to collaboratively train graph data from various clients. However, during the development and deployment of FedGL models, they are susceptible to illegal copying and model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yuxin Yang , Qiang Li , Yuan Hong , Binghui Wang

Watermarking has emerged as a promising way to detect LLM-generated text, by augmenting LLM generations with later detectable signals. Recent work has proposed multiple families of watermarking schemes, several of which focus on preserving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Thibaud Gloaguen , Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

While watermarking serves as a critical mechanism for LLM provenance, existing secret-key schemes tightly couple detection with injection, requiring access to keys or provider-side scheme-specific detectors for verification. This dependency…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhuoshang Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Fang Fang , Xiaoxue Li , Li Guo

In decentralized machine learning paradigms such as Split Federated Learning (SFL) and its variant U-shaped SFL, the server's capabilities are severely restricted. Although this enhances client-side privacy, it also leaves the server highly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Zhengchunmin Dai , Jiaxiong Tang , Peng Sun , Honglong Chen , Liantao Wu

Recently, Deep Learning (DL) models have been increasingly deployed on end-user devices as On-Device AI, offering improved efficiency and privacy. However, this deployment trend poses more serious Intellectual Property (IP) risks, as models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Zhicheng Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Mengke Wan , Jiang Fang , Diandian Guo , Yezeng Chen , Yinlong Liu , Wei Ma , Jiyan Sun , Liru Geng

Federated learning (FL) enables fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) across distributed data sources. As these sources increasingly include LLM-generated text, provenance tracking becomes essential for accountability and transparency.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Leixu Huang , Zedian Shao , Teodora Baluta
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