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Understanding the memorization and privacy leakage risks in Contrastive Language--Image Pretraining (CLIP) is critical for ensuring the security of multimodal models. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of extracting sensitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Yunhao Chen , Shujie Wang , Xin Wang , Ran He , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have had a huge impact on society due to their impressive capabilities and vast knowledge of the world. Various applications and tools have been created that allow users to interact with these models in a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Eric Nuertey Coleman , Julio Hurtado , Vincenzo Lomonaco

The pretrained large language models (LLMs) are finetuned with labeled data for better instruction following ability and alignment with human values. In this paper, we study the learning dynamics of LLM finetuning on reasoning tasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhiwen Ruan , Yun Chen , Yutao Hou , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen

Pretrained multilingual language models are often assumed to be script-agnostic, yet their tokenizers can impose systematic costs on certain writing systems. We quantify this script tax by comparing two orthographic variants with identical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Aradhya Dixit , Shreem Dixit

Central to many self-improvement pipelines for large language models (LLMs) is the assumption that models can improve by reflecting on past mistakes. We study a phenomenon termed contextual drag: the presence of failed attempts in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yun Cheng , Xingyu Zhu , Haoyu Zhao , Sanjeev Arora

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems rely on retrieved documents being concatenated into a model's input context, making both document ordering and context size critical yet controversial design choices. Prior work reports…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jorge Gabín , Anxo Perez , Javier Parapar

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as zero-shot and few-shot classifiers, where task behaviour is largely controlled through prompting. A growing number of works have observed that LLMs are sensitive to prompt variations, with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Branislav Pecher , Michal Spiegel , Robert Belanec , Jan Cegin

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly use persistent memory from past interactions to enhance personalization and task performance. However, this memory introduces critical risks when sensitive information is revealed in inappropriate…

We examine the pre-training dynamics of language models, focusing on their ability to copy text from preceding context--a fundamental skill for various LLM applications, including in-context learning (ICL) and retrieval-augmented generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Ang Lv , Ruobing Xie , Xingwu Sun , Zhanhui Kang , Rui Yan

A distinction is often drawn between a model's ability to predict a label for an evaluation sample that is directly memorised from highly similar training samples versus an ability to predict the label via some method of generalisation. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Tim Hartill , Joshua Bensemann , Michael Witbrock , Patricia J. Riddle

To predict upcoming text, language models must in some cases retrieve in-context information verbatim. In this report, we investigated how the ability of language models to retrieve arbitrary in-context nouns developed during training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Kristijan Armeni , Marko Pranjić , Senja Pollak

Text-to-image diffusion models (DMs) have achieved remarkable success in image generation. However, concerns about data privacy and intellectual property remain due to their potential to inadvertently memorize and replicate training data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Antoni Kowalczuk , Dominik Hintersdorf , Lukas Struppek , Kristian Kersting , Adam Dziedzic , Franziska Boenisch

Large language model unlearning has become a critical challenge in ensuring safety and controlled model behavior by removing undesired data-model influences from the pretrained model while preserving general utility. Significant recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Soumyadeep Pal , Changsheng Wang , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Sijia Liu

Tokenization, the division of input text into input tokens, is an often overlooked aspect of the large language model (LLM) pipeline and could be the source of useful or harmful inductive biases. Historically, LLMs have relied on byte pair…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Aaditya K. Singh , DJ Strouse

Motivated by the need for accelerating text entry in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) for people with severe motor impairments, we propose a paradigm in which phrases are abbreviated aggressively as primarily word-initial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Shanqing Cai , Subhashini Venugopalan , Katrin Tomanek , Ajit Narayanan , Meredith Ringel Morris , Michael P. Brenner

As large language models (LLMs) rapidly displace traditional expertise, their capacity to correct misinformation has become a core concern. We investigate the idea that prompt framing systematically modulates misinformation correction -…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Sekoul Krastev , Hilary Sweatman , Anni Sternisko , Steve Rathje

Transformers suffer from a high computational cost that grows with sequence length for self-attention, making inference in long streams prohibited by memory consumption. Constant-memory alternatives such as RNNs and SSMs compress history…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Zhixin Zhang , Shabo Zhang , Chengcan Wu , Zeming Wei , Meng Sun

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training has increasingly demonstrated strong ability to elicit reasoning behaviors in large language models (LLMs). For training efficiency, rollouts are typically generated in an off-policy manner using an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Shiye Lei , Zhihao Cheng , Dacheng Tao

Multiple studies have probed representations emerging in neural networks trained for end-to-end NLP tasks and examined what word-level linguistic information may be encoded in the representations. In classical probing, a classifier is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Rudolf Rosa , Tomáš Musil , David Mareček

Standard evaluations of Large language models (LLMs) focus on task performance, offering limited insight into whether correct behavior reflects appropriate underlying mechanisms and risking confirmation bias. We introduce a simple,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Zoë Prins , Samuele Punzo , Frank Wildenburg , Giovanni Cinà , Sandro Pezzelle