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For the multi-peg Tower of Hanoi problem with $k \geqslant 4$ pegs, so far the best solution is obtained by the Stewart's algorithm based on the the following recurrence relation: $\mathrm{S}\_k(n)=\min\_{1 \leqslant t \leqslant n} \left\{2…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-03-31 Jonathan Chappelon , Akihiro Matsuura

Considering the symmetries and self similarity properties of the corresponding labeled graphs, it is shown that the minimal number of moves in the Tower of Hanoi game with $p =4$ pegs and $n \geq p$ disks satisfies the recursive formula $…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-01-19 Janez Žerovnik

In this paper, our aim is to prove that our recursive algorithm to solve the "Reve's puzzle" (four- peg Tower of Hanoi) is the optimal solution according to minimum number of moves. Here we used Frame's five step algorithm to solve the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-12-06 Bijoy Rahman Arif

The purpose of this paper is to prove the Frame-Stewart algorithm for the generalized Towers of Hanoi problem as well as finding the number of moves required to solve the problem and studying the multitude of optimal solutions. The main…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-04-24 Mikael Erik Jörgensen

The Frame-Stewart conjecture states the least number of moves to solve a generalized Tower of Hanoi problem, of n disks and p pegs. In this paper, we prove a weaker version of the Frame-Stewart conjecture.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-17 Youngjin Bae

The Tower of Hanoi continues to provide a surprisingly rich meeting point for recursive reasoning, combinatorial geometry, and computational verification. Motivated by the editorial standards of the Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-12 Qi Junyi

The Frame-Stewart algorithm for the 4-peg variant of the Tower of Hanoi, introduced in 1941, partitions disks into intermediate towers before moving the remaining disks to their destination. Algorithms that partition the disks have not been…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Neng-Fa Zhou , Jonathan Fruhman

The Magnetic Tower of Hanoi puzzle - a modified "base 3" version of the classical Tower of Hanoi puzzle as described in earlier papers, is actually a small set of independent sister-puzzles, depending on the "pre-coloring" combination of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-11-18 Uri Levy

We prove that the solutions to the k-peg Tower of Hanoi Problem given by Frame and Stewart are minimal.

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Roberto Demontis

In the Twin Towers of Hanoi version of the well known Towers of Hanoi Problem there are two coupled sets of pegs. In each move, one chooses a pair of pegs in one of the sets and performs the only possible legal transfer of a disk between…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-24 Zoran Sunic

We prove the exact formulae for the expected number of moves to solve several variants of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle with 3 pegs and n disks, when each move is chosen uniformly randomly from the set of all valid moves. We further present an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-12-11 Max A. Alekseyev , Toby Berger

We introduce and study a new four-peg variant of the Tower of Hanoi problem under parity constraints. Two pegs are neutral and allow arbitrary disc placements, while the remaining two pegs are restricted to discs of a prescribed parity: one…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-28 El-Mehdi Mehiri

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, there is six types of moves between the three pegs. The main purpose of the present paper is to find out the number of each of these six elementary moves in the optimal sequence of moves. We present a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Hacène Belbachir , El-Mehdi Mehiri

The weighted Tower of Hanoi is a new generalization of the classical Tower of Hanoi problem, where a move of a disc between two pegs $i$ and $j$ is weighted by a positive real $w_{ij}\geq 0$. This new problem generalizes the concept of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-04-06 El-Mehdi Mehiri , Hacène Belbachir

The famous Tower of Hanoi puzzle involves moving $n$ discs of distinct sizes from one of $p\geq 3$ pegs (traditionally $p=3$) to another of the pegs, subject to the constraints that only one disc may be moved at a time, and no disc can ever…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-22 David Eppstein , Daniel Frishberg , William Maxwell

This paper presents a new extension of the classical Heron problem, termed the generalized $(k,m)$-Heron problem, which seeks an optimal configuration among $k$ feasible and $m$ target non-empty closed convex sets in $\mathbb{R}^n$. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Triloki Nath , Manohar Choudhary , Ram K. Pandey

The Tower of Hanoi game is a classical puzzle in recreational mathematics (Lucas 1883) which also has a strong record in pure mathematics. In a borderland between these two areas we find the characterization of the minimal number of moves,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-31 Jonathan Chappelon , Urban Larsson , Akihiro Matsuura

We develop a unified algebraic theory of the weighted Tower of Hanoi with arbitrary nonnegative symmetric move costs depending on both disc index and pegs. Starting from a general optimality recurrence with two competing strategies -- one…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-22 Andreas M. Hinz , El-Mehdi Mehiri

We give improved algorithms for the $\ell_{p}$-regression problem, $\min_{x} \|x\|_{p}$ such that $A x=b,$ for all $p \in (1,2) \cup (2,\infty).$ Our algorithms obtain a high accuracy solution in $\tilde{O}_{p}(m^{\frac{|p-2|}{2p + |p-2|}})…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Deeksha Adil , Rasmus Kyng , Richard Peng , Sushant Sachdeva

The problem of the Hanoi Tower is a classic exercise in recursive programming: the solution has a simple recursive definition, and its complexity and the matching lower bound are the solution of a simple recursive function (the solution is…

General Literature · Computer Science 2016-03-14 Jérémy Barbay
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