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In the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), post-hoc interpretability methods aim at explaining to a user the predictions of a trained decision model. Integrating prior knowledge into such interpretability methods aims at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Adulam Jeyasothy , Thibault Laugel , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Marcin Detyniecki

Explainable AI aims to render model behavior understandable by humans, which can be seen as an intermediate step in extracting causal relations from correlative patterns. Due to the high risk of possible fatal decisions in image-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Lukas Klein , João B. S. Carvalho , Mennatallah El-Assady , Paolo Penna , Joachim M. Buhmann , Paul F. Jaeger

Explaining artificial intelligence (AI) predictions is increasingly important and even imperative in many high-stakes applications where humans are the ultimate decision-makers. In this work, we propose two novel architectures of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Giang Nguyen , Mohammad Reza Taesiri , Anh Nguyen

Decoding EEG during motor imagery is pivotal for the Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system, influencing its overall performance significantly. As end-to-end data-driven learning methods advance, the challenge lies in balancing model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Param Rajpura , Yogesh Kumar Meena

While eXplainable AI (XAI) has advanced significantly, few methods address interpretability in embedded vector spaces where dimensions represent complex abstractions. We introduce Distance Explainer, a novel method for generating local,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Christiaan Meijer , E. G. Patrick Bos

In this paper, we introduce a new approach, called Posthoc Interpretation via Quantization (PIQ), for interpreting decisions made by trained classifiers. Our method utilizes vector quantization to transform the representations of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Francesco Paissan , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

To verify and validate networks, it is essential to gain insight into their decisions, limitations as well as possible shortcomings of training data. In this work, we propose a post-hoc, optimization based visual explanation method, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Jörg Wagner , Jan Mathias Köhler , Tobias Gindele , Leon Hetzel , Jakob Thaddäus Wiedemer , Sven Behnke

The rationale behind a deep learning model's output is often difficult to understand by humans. EXplainable AI (XAI) aims at solving this by developing methods that improve interpretability and explainability of machine learning models.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Rafaël Brandt , Daan Raatjens , Georgi Gaydadjiev

As complex AI systems further prove to be an integral part of our lives, a persistent and critical problem is the underlying black-box nature of such products and systems. In pursuit of productivity enhancements, one must not forget the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Rech Leong Tian Poh , Sye Loong Keoh , Liying Li

Post-hoc interpretability methods play a critical role in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), as they pinpoint portions of data that a trained deep learning model deemed important to make a decision. However, different post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jiawen Wei , Hugues Turbé , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Effectively explaining decisions of black-box machine learning models is critical to responsible deployment of AI systems that rely on them. Recognizing their importance, the field of explainable AI (XAI) provides several techniques to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yao Rong , Peizhu Qian , Vaibhav Unhelkar , Enkelejda Kasneci

A major challenge in Explainable AI is in correctly interpreting activations of hidden neurons: accurate interpretations would help answer the question of what a deep learning system internally detects as relevant in the input, demystifying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Abhilekha Dalal , Rushrukh Rayan , Adrita Barua , Eugene Y. Vasserman , Md Kamruzzaman Sarker , Pascal Hitzler

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasingly required in computational economics, where machine-learning forecasters can outperform classical econometric models but remain difficult to audit and use for policy. This survey…

General Economics · Economics 2025-12-16 Agustín García-García , Pablo Hidalgo , Julio E. Sandubete

This paper presents a novel concept learning framework for enhancing model interpretability and performance in visual classification tasks. Our approach appends an unsupervised explanation generator to the primary classifier network and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Tanmay Garg , Deepika Vemuri , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

The evolving landscape of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to improve the interpretability of intricate machine learning (ML) models, yet faces challenges in formalisation and empirical validation, being an inherently…

This work presents a conceptual framework for causal concept-based post-hoc Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), based on the requirements that explanations for non-interpretable models should be understandable as well as faithful to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Anna Rodum Bjøru , Jacob Lysnæs-Larsen , Oskar Jørgensen , Inga Strümke , Helge Langseth

Image recognition with prototypes is considered an interpretable alternative for black box deep learning models. Classification depends on the extent to which a test image "looks like" a prototype. However, perceptual similarity for humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Meike Nauta , Annemarie Jutte , Jesper Provoost , Christin Seifert

Transparency and explainability in image classification are essential for establishing trust in machine learning models and detecting biases and errors. State-of-the-art explainability methods generate saliency maps to show where a specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Matteo Bianchi , Antonio De Santis , Andrea Tocchetti , Marco Brambilla

Post-hoc interpretability methods typically attribute a model's behavior to its components, data, or training trajectory in isolation. This leads to explanations that lack a unified view and may miss key interactions. While combining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Florian Eichin , Yupei Du , Philipp Mondorf , Maria Matveev , Barbara Plank , Michael A. Hedderich

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in areas that significantly impact human lives, concerns about fairness and transparency have grown, especially regarding their impact on protected groups. Recently, the intersection of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Vasiliki Papanikou , Danae Pla Karidi , Evaggelia Pitoura , Emmanouil Panagiotou , Eirini Ntoutsi