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Argumentation skills are an essential toolkit for large language models (LLMs). These skills are crucial in various use cases, including self-reflection, debating collaboratively for diverse answers, and countering hate speech. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yamen Ajjour , Carlotta Quensel , Nedim Lipka , Henning Wachsmuth

This study presents a novel benchmark for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) using challenges derived from the Financial Modeling World Cup (FMWC) Excel competitions. We introduce a methodology for converting 113 existing FMWC…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 David Noever , Forrest McKee

Although large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional capabilities across a wide range of tasks, reliable evaluation remains a critical challenge due to data contamination, opaque operation, and subjective preferences. To address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Qianhong Guo , Wei Xie , Xiaofang Cai , Enze Wang , Shuoyoucheng Ma , Xiaobing Sun , Tian Xia , Kai Chen , Xiaofeng Wang , Baosheng Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) effectiveness is usually evaluated by means of benchmarks such as MMLU, ARC-C, or HellaSwag, where questions are presented in their original wording, thus in a fixed, standardized format. However, real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riccardo Lunardi , Vincenzo Della Mea , Stefano Mizzaro , Kevin Roitero

As the mathematical capabilities of large language models (LLMs) improve, it becomes increasingly important to evaluate their performance on research-level tasks at the frontier of mathematical knowledge. However, existing benchmarks are…

With the recent appearance of LLMs in practical settings, having methods that can effectively detect factual inconsistencies is crucial to reduce the propagation of misinformation and improve trust in model outputs. When testing on existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Philippe Laban , Wojciech Kryściński , Divyansh Agarwal , Alexander R. Fabbri , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty , Chien-Sheng Wu

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly capable mathematical collaborators, but static benchmarks are no longer sufficient for evaluating progress: they are often narrow in scope, quickly saturated, and rarely updated. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jasper Dekoninck , Nikola Jovanović , Tim Gehrunger , Kári Rögnvaldsson , Ivo Petrov , Chenhao Sun , Martin Vechev

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable progress in formal theorem proving. Yet their ability to serve as practical assistants for mathematicians, filling in missing steps within complex proofs, remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Xiao-Wen Yang , Zihao Zhang , Jianuo Cao , Zhi Zhou , Zenan Li , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yuan Yao , Taolue Chen , Yu-Feng Li , Xiaoxing Ma

By virtue of its great utility in solving real-world problems, optimization modeling has been widely employed for optimal decision-making across various sectors, but it requires substantial expertise from operations research professionals.…

Recent advances in generative AI have led to remarkable interest in using systems that rely on large language models (LLMs) for practical applications. However, meaningful evaluation of these systems in real-world scenarios comes with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ethan M. Rudd , Christopher Andrews , Philip Tully

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve impressive performance in a wide range of tasks, even if they are often trained with the only objective of chatting fluently with users. Among other skills, LLMs show emergent abilities in mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Flavio Petruzzellis , Alberto Testolin , Alessandro Sperduti

The proliferation of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) from various institutions has highlighted the urgent need for comprehensive evaluation methods. However, current evaluation platforms, such as the widely recognized HuggingFace…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Fanghua Ye , Mingming Yang , Jianhui Pang , Longyue Wang , Derek F. Wong , Emine Yilmaz , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Due to the remarkable language understanding and generation abilities of large language models (LLMs), their use in educational applications has been explored. However, little work has been done on investigating the pedagogical ability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 An-Zi Yen , Wei-Ling Hsu

Large language models (LLMs) are incredible and versatile tools for text-based tasks that have enabled countless, previously unimaginable, applications. Retrieval models, in contrast, have not yet seen such capable general-purpose models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Julian Killingback , Hamed Zamani

Many existing benchmarks of large (multimodal) language models (LLMs) focus on measuring LLMs' academic proficiency, often with also an interest in comparing model performance with human test takers'. While such benchmarks have proven key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Qixiang Fang , Daniel L. Oberski , Dong Nguyen

Although large language models (LLMs) show promise in solving complex mathematical tasks, existing evaluation paradigms rely solely on a coarse measure of overall answer accuracy, which are insufficient for assessing their authentic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Jiayu Liu , Zhenya Huang , Wei Dai , Cheng Cheng , Jinze Wu , Jing Sha , Song Li , Qi Liu , Shijin Wang , Enhong Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have pushed the limits of natural language understanding and exhibited excellent problem-solving ability. Despite the great success, most existing open-source LLMs (e.g., LLaMA-2) are still far away from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Longhui Yu , Weisen Jiang , Han Shi , Jincheng Yu , Zhengying Liu , Yu Zhang , James T. Kwok , Zhenguo Li , Adrian Weller , Weiyang Liu

With the advancement of large language models (LLMs) and the expansion of their context windows, existing long-context benchmarks fall short in effectively evaluating the models' comprehension and reasoning abilities in extended texts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Lei Zhang , Yunshui Li , Ziqiang Liu , Jiaxi yang , Junhao Liu , Longze Chen , Run Luo , Min Yang

The performance of large language models (LLMs) on existing reasoning benchmarks has significantly improved over the past years. In response, we present JEEBench, a considerably more challenging benchmark dataset for evaluating the problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Daman Arora , Himanshu Gaurav Singh , Mausam

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in education, yet their correctness alone does not capture the quality, reliability, or pedagogical validity of their problem-solving behavior, especially in mathematics, where…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Sagnik Dakshit , Sushmita Sinha Roy