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As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, evaluating them remains a persistent challenge. Many recent evaluations use LLMs as judges to score outputs from other LLMs, often relying on a single large model like GPT-4o. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Justin Zhao , Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Benjamin Genchel , Amanda Cercas Curry

Large language models (LLMs) combined with retrieval augmented generation have enabled the deployment of domain-specific chatbots, but these systems remain prone to generating unsupported or incorrect answers. Reliable evaluation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Nhi Dang , Tung Le , Huy Tien Nguyen

Emotional support is a crucial ability for many conversation scenarios, including social interactions, mental health support, and customer service chats. Following reasonable procedures and using various support skills can help to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Siyang Liu , Chujie Zheng , Orianna Demasi , Sahand Sabour , Yu Li , Zhou Yu , Yong Jiang , Minlie Huang

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly deployed in e-commerce applications to assist customer services in tasks such as product inquiries, recommendations, and order management. Existing benchmarks primarily evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Kaiyan Zhao , Zijie Meng , Zheyong Xie , Jin Duan , Yao Hu , Zuozhu Liu , Shaosheng Cao

Large language models (LLMs) show promise in automating clinical diagnosis, yet their non-transparent decision-making and limited alignment with diagnostic standards hinder trust and clinical adoption. We address this challenge by proposing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yining Yuan , J. Ben Tamo , Micky C. Nnamdi , Yifei Wang , May D. Wang

Recent work has explored training Large Language Model (LLM) search agents with reinforcement learning (RL) for open-domain question answering (QA). However, most evaluations focus solely on final answer accuracy, overlooking how these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Jiaqi Shao , Yuxiang Lin , Munish Prasad Lohani , Yufeng Miao , Bing Luo

Emotional Support Conversation (ESC) is a task aimed at alleviating individuals' emotional distress through daily conversation. Given its inherent complexity and non-intuitive nature, ESConv dataset incorporates support strategies to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Dongjin Kang , Sunghwan Kim , Taeyoon Kwon , Seungjun Moon , Hyunsouk Cho , Youngjae Yu , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo

Due to privacy concerns, open dialogue datasets for mental health are primarily generated through human or AI synthesis methods. However, the inherent implicit nature of psychological processes, particularly those of clients, poses…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lixiu Wu , Yuanrong Tang , Qisen Pan , Xianyang Zhan , Yucheng Han , Lanxi Xiao , Tianhong Wang , Chen Zhong , Jiangtao Gong

In response to the pressing need for advanced clinical problem-solving tools in healthcare, we introduce BooksMed, a novel framework based on a Large Language Model (LLM). BooksMed uniquely emulates human cognitive processes to deliver…

LLM-as-a-Judge frameworks are increasingly trusted to automate evaluation in place of human experts, yet their reliability in high-stakes medical contexts remains unproven. We stress-test this assumption for detecting incomplete…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Alexandra DeLucia , Heyuan Huang , Sonal Joshi , Mahsa Yarmohammadi , Ahmed Hassoon , Mark Dredze

The advent of large language models (LLMs), such as GPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek, has significantly advanced natural language processing, giving rise to sophisticated chatbots capable of diverse language-related tasks. The transition from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jiachen Zhu , Menghui Zhu , Renting Rui , Rong Shan , Congmin Zheng , Bo Chen , Yunjia Xi , Jianghao Lin , Weiwen Liu , Ruiming Tang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Recently, there has been a growing trend of employing large language models (LLMs) to judge the quality of other LLMs. Many studies have adopted closed-source models, mainly using GPT-4 as the evaluator. However, due to the closed-source…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yijie Li , Yuan Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various emotion recognition tasks, thereby piquing the research community's curiosity for exploring their potential in emotional intelligence. However, several issues in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zaijing Li , Gongwei Chen , Rui Shao , Yuquan Xie , Dongmei Jiang , Liqiang Nie

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating empathic responses in text-based conversations. But, how reliably do they judge the nuances of empathic communication? We investigate this question by comparing how experts, crowdworkers, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aakriti Kumar , Nalin Poungpeth , Diyi Yang , Erina Farrell , Bruce Lambert , Matthew Groh

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into construction project management (CPM) is accelerating, with Large Language Models (LLMs) emerging as accessible decision-support tools. This study aims to critically evaluate the ethical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Somtochukwu Azie , Yiping Meng

The potential of using Large Language Models (LLMs) themselves to evaluate LLM outputs offers a promising method for assessing model performance across various contexts. Previous research indicates that LLM-as-a-judge exhibits a strong…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Annalisa Szymanski , Noah Ziems , Heather A. Eicher-Miller , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Meng Jiang , Ronald A. Metoyer

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely integrated into information retrieval to advance traditional techniques. However, effectively enabling LLMs to seek accurate knowledge in complex tasks remains a challenge due to the complexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhengliang Shi , Lingyong Yan , Dawei Yin , Suzan Verberne , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges to evaluate recommendation systems, search engines, and other subjective tasks, where relying on human evaluators can be costly, time-consuming, and unscalable. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Gen Suzuki , Wei Liu , Murat Sensoy

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has outpaced the scalability of traditional evaluation benchmarks, which remain heavily dependent on labor-intensive expert curation. We address this bottleneck with Conv-to-Bench, a…