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We introduce the general Albertson irregularity index of a connected graph $G$ and define it as $A_{p}(G) =(\sum_{uv\in E(G)}|d(u)-d(v)|^p)^{\frac{1}{p}}$, where $p$ is a positive real number and $d(v)$ is the degree of the vertex $v$ in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-02 Zhen Lin , Ting Zhou , Lianying Miao

Let $D=(V,A)$ be a digraphs without isolated vertices. The first Zagreb index of a digraph $D$ defined as a summation over all arcs, $M_1(D)=\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{uv\in A}(d^{+}_{u}+d^{-}_v)$, where $d^{+}_u$(resp. $d^{-}_u$) denotes the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Jiaxiang Yang , Hanyuan Deng

The modified Albertson index, denoted by $A\!^*\!$, of a graph $G$ is defined as $A\!^*\!(G)=\sum_{uv\in E(G)} |(d_{u})^{2}- (d_{v})^{2}|$, where $d_u$, $d_v$ denote the degrees of the vertices $u$, $v$, respectively, of $G$ and $E(G)$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-23 Shumaila Yousaf , Akhlaq Ahmad Bhatti , Akbar Ali

In the last forty years, many scientists used graph theory to develop mathematical models for analyzing structures and properties of various chemical compounds. In this paper, we will establish formulas and bounds for generalized first…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-11 Sanju Vaidya , Jeff Chang

For a graph $G$, the first multiplicative Zagreb index $\prod_1$ is equal to the product of squares of the vertex degrees, and the second multiplicative Zagreb index $\prod_2$ is equal to the product of the products of degrees of pairs of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-11-21 Shaohui Wang , Chunxiang Wang , Jia-Bao Liu

In this article, we investigate the Zagreb index, a kind of graph-based topological index, of several random networks, including a class of networks extended from random recursive trees, plain-oriented recursive trees, and random…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-01-16 Panpan Zhang

Topological indices are numerical invariants derived from molecular graphs and play an important role in characterizing chemical compounds and predicting their properties. Among the earliest descriptors are the classical Zagreb indices…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Kinkar Chandra Das , Jayanta Bera

In this paper, we examine a specific type of random chains and propose an unified approach to studying the degree-based topological indices, including their extreme values. We derive explicit analytical expressions for the expected values…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-11-08 Sayle Sigarreta , Hugo Cruz-Suarez , Sergio Torralbas Fitz

We describe all the trees with the property that the corresponding edge ideal of their line graph has a linear resolution. As a consequence, we give a complete characterization of those trees $T$ for which the line graph $L(T)$ is…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2021-08-09 Anda Olteanu

In chemical graph theory, caterpillar trees have been an appealing model to represent the molecular structures of benzenoid hydrocarbon. Meanwhile, topological index has been thought of as a powerful tool for modeling quantitative…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-02-26 Panpan Zhang , Xiaojing Wang

Recently, a couple of degree-based topological indices, defined using a geometrical point of view of a graph edge, have attracted significant attention and being extensively investigated. Furtula and Oz [Complementary Topological Indices,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-04 Hui Gao

The Zagreb index, which is defined as the sum of squares of degrees of the nodes of a tree, was studied in previous works by martingale techniques for random non-plane recursive trees and classes of random trees which are close to random…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Qunqiang Feng , Michael Fuchs , Tsan-Cheng Yu

The first Zagreb index $M_{1}$ of a graph is defined as the sum of the square of every vertex degree, and the second Zagreb index $M_{2}$ of a graph is defined as the sum of the product of vertex degrees of each pair of adjacent vertices.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-02 Xiaocong He , Xiaobo He

The paper discusses the edge hyper-Zagreb index of a graph, which is calculated by replacing vertex degrees with edge degrees. The degree of an edge is determined by adding up the degrees of the end vertices of the edge and subtracting 2.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-06-26 Z. Aliannejadi , S. Shafiee Alamoti

In this paper, we establishe the extremal bounds of the topological indices -- Sigma index -- focusing on analyzing the sharp upper bounds and the lower bounds of the Sigma index, which is known $\sigma(G)=\sum_{uv\in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

We estimate the maximum ratio between the $\sigma_t$- and $\sigma$-irregularity for graphs and trees of order $n$, which are respectively bounded by $\Theta(n^{5/2})$ and $n-2$. This answers a question and a conjecture by Filipovski et al.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Stijn Cambie , Jionghua Chang

The eccentric connectivity index, proposed by Sharma, Goswami and Madan, has been employed successfully for the development of numerous mathematical models for the prediction of biological activities of diverse nature. We now report…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-07-15 Bo Zhou , Zhibin Du

The sigma index in graph theory refers to a measure of the degree differences between vertices in a graph. The goal is to determine the graphs that have the maximum sigma index within certain classes of graphs. Abdo, Dimitrov, and Gutman…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-05-10 Jasem Hamoud , Artem Kurnosov

In this paper, we characterize the structure and topological indices of a class of random spider trees (RSTs) such as degree-based Gini index, degree-based Hoover index, generalized Zagreb index and other indices associated with these. We…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-04-25 Saylé C. Sigarreta , Saylí M. Sigarreta , Hugo Cruz-Suárez

In this paper we present a theoretical analysis in order to establish maximal and minimal vectors with respect to the majorization order of particular subsets of \Re ^n: Afterwards we apply these issues to the calcula- tion of bounds for a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-27 Monica Bianchi , Alessandra Cornaro , Anna Torriero