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An appealing feature of blockchain technology is smart contracts. A smart contract is executable code that runs on top of the blockchain to facilitate, execute and enforce an agreement between untrusted parties without the involvement of a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-10-18 Maher Alharby , Aad van Moorsel

Distributed ledger technology has gained wide popularity and adoption since the emergence of bitcoin in 2008 which is based on proof of work (PoW). It is a distributed, transparent and immutable database of records of all the transactions…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-10 Abdul Wahab , Waqas Mehmood

Blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most transformative digital innovations of the 21st century. This paper presents a comprehensive review of blockchain's fundamental architecture, tracing its development from Bitcoin's initial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Aditya Pratap Singh

We propose a formal approach for specifying and implementing decentralised coordination in distributed systems, with a focus on smart contracts. Our model captures dynamic roles, data-driven transitions, and external coordination…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Elvis Konjoh Selabi , Maurizio Murgia , António Ravara , Emilio Tuosto

We study large-scale distributed cooperative systems that use optimistic replication. We represent a system as a graph of actions (operations) connected by edges that reify semantic constraints between actions. Constraint types include…

Databases · Computer Science 2007-10-08 Pierre Sutra , Marc Shapiro , João Pedro Barreto

Population protocols are a model of distributed computation intended for the study of networks of independent computing agents with dynamic communication structure. Each agent has a finite number of states, and communication opportunities…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Michael Raskin

Smart contracts are cryptographic protocols that are enforced without a judiciary. Smart contracts are used occasionally in Bitcoin and are prevalent in Ethereum. Public quantum money improves upon cash we use today, yet the current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-20 Or Sattath

Population protocols are a distributed computation model in which a collection of anonymous, finite-state agents interact in randomly chosen pairs and update their states according to a fixed transition function. The computation is defined…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Michael Blondin , Michaël Cadilhac , Benjamin Courchesne , Lucie Guillou , Corto Mascle , Isa Vialard

The Bitcoin transaction graph is a public data structure organized as transactions between addresses, each associated with a logical entity. In this work, we introduce a complete probabilistic model of the Bitcoin Blockchain. We first…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-14 Marc Jourdan , Sebastien Blandin , Laura Wynter , Pralhad Deshpande

Censorship resistance with short-term inclusion guarantees is an important feature of decentralized systems, missing from many state-of-the-art and even deployed consensus protocols. In leader-based protocols the leader arbitrarily selects…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Orestis Alpos , Bernardo David , Nikolas Kamarinakis , Dionysis Zindros

Bitcoin is built on a blockchain, an immutable decentralised ledger that allows entities (users) to exchange Bitcoins in a pseudonymous manner. Bitcoins are associated with alpha-numeric addresses and are transferred via transactions. Each…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Jan Alexander Fischer , Andres Palechor , Daniele Dell'Aglio , Abraham Bernstein , Claudio J. Tessone

From a small community of pioneering artists who experimented with artificial intelligence (AI) in the 1970s, AI art has expanded, gained visibility, and attained socio-cultural relevance since the second half of the 2010s. Its topics,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dejan Grba

Determining if two protocols can be securely composed requires analyzing not only their additive properties but also their destructive properties. In this paper we propose a new composition method for constructing protocols based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2009-09-01 Bela Genge , Iosif Ignat , Piroska Haller

Digital payments play a pivotal role in the burgeoning digital economy. Moving forward, the enhancement of digital payment systems necessitates programmability, going beyond just efficiency and convenience, to meet the evolving needs and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-01 Zijia Meng , Victor Feng

Increased attention has been paid over the last four years to dynamic network embedding. Existing dynamic embedding methods, however, consider the problem as limited to the evolution of a topology over a sequence of global, discrete states.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-23 David Bayani

The heterogeneity of the blockchain landscape has motivated the design of blockchain protocols tailored to specific blockchains and applications that, hence, require custom security proofs. We observe that many blockchain protocols share…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Stephan Dübler , Federico Badaloni , Pedro Moreno-Sanchez , Clara Schneidewind

Choreographies are formal descriptions of distributed systems, which focus on the way in which participants communicate. While they are useful for analysing protocols, in practice systems are written directly by specifying each…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Bjørn Angel Kjær , Luís Cruz-Filipe , Fabrizio Montesi

Modular programming is a cornerstone in software development, as it allows to build complex systems from the assembly of simpler components, and support reusability and substitution principles. In a distributed setting, component assembly…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-01-25 Marco Carbone , Fabrizio Montesi , Hugo Torres Vieira

Since the inception of Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies and the underlying blockchain technology have attracted an increasing interest from both academia and industry. Among various core components, consensus protocol is the defining technology…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Yang Xiao , Ning Zhang , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou

The rapid expansion of interconnected devices, autonomous systems, and AI applications has created severe fragmentation in adaptive transport systems, where diverse protocols and context sources remain isolated. This survey provides the…