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We propose energy natural gradient descent, a natural gradient method with respect to a Hessian-induced Riemannian metric as an optimization algorithm for physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and the deep Ritz method. As a main…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Johannes Müller , Marius Zeinhofer

Natural Gradient Descent (NGD) has emerged as a promising optimization algorithm for training neural network-based solvers for partial differential equations (PDEs), such as Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). However, its practical…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Ivan Bioli , Carlo Marcati , Giancarlo Sangalli

Natural-gradient methods markedly accelerate the training of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), yet their Gauss--Newton update must be solved in the parameter space, incurring a prohibitive $O(n^3)$ time complexity, where $n$ is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Anas Jnini , Flavio Vella

In the recent years, Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have received strong interest as a method to solve PDE driven systems, in particular for data assimilation purpose. This method is still in its infancy, with many shortcomings…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Nilo Schwencke , Cyril Furtlehner

Recent works have shown that natural gradient methods can significantly outperform standard optimizers when training physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). In this paper, we analyze the training dynamics of PINNs optimized with ANaGRAM,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Nilo Schwencke , Cyriaque Rousselot , Alena Shilova , Cyril Furtlehner

In the context of over-parameterization, there is a line of work demonstrating that randomly initialized (stochastic) gradient descent (GD) converges to a globally optimal solution at a linear convergence rate for the quadratic loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xianliang Xu , Ting Du , Wang Kong , Bin Shan , Ye Li , Zhongyi Huang

The optimization algorithms are crucial in training physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), as unsuitable methods may lead to poor solutions. Compared to the common gradient descent (GD) algorithm, implicit gradient descent (IGD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Xianliang Xu , Ting Du , Wang Kong , Bin Shan , Ye Li , Zhongyi Huang

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have effectively been demonstrated in solving forward and inverse differential equation problems, but they are still trapped in training failures when the target functions to be approximated exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Ye Li , Song-Can Chen , Sheng-Jun Huang

Natural gradient descent (NGD) is a powerful optimization technique for machine learning, but the computational complexity of the inverse Fisher information matrix limits its application in training deep neural networks. To overcome this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Weihua Liu , Said Boumaraf , Jianwu Li , Chaochao Lin , Xiabi Liu , Lijuan Niu , Naoufel Werghi

Second-order training methods have better convergence properties than gradient descent but are rarely used in practice for large-scale training due to their computational overhead. This can be viewed as a hardware limitation (imposed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Kaelan Donatella , Samuel Duffield , Maxwell Aifer , Denis Melanson , Gavin Crooks , Patrick J. Coles

We propose efficient numerical schemes for implementing the natural gradient descent (NGD) for a broad range of metric spaces with applications to PDE-based optimization problems. Our technique represents the natural gradient direction as a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-12 Levon Nurbekyan , Wanzhou Lei , Yunan Yang

Physics informed neural networks (PINNs) represent a very popular class of neural solvers for partial differential equations. In practice, one often employs stochastic gradient descent type algorithms to train the neural network. Therefore,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Bangti Jin , Longjun Wu

This paper explores the difficulties in solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). PINNs use physics as a regularization term in the objective function. However, a drawback of this approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Shamsulhaq Basir

Efficient and robust optimization is essential for neural networks, enabling scientific machine learning models to converge rapidly to very high accuracy -- faithfully capturing complex physical behavior governed by differential equations.…

Natural gradient descent (NGD) provided deep insights and powerful tools to deep neural networks. However the computation of Fisher information matrix becomes more and more difficult as the network structure turns large and complex. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Weihua Liu , Xiabi Liu

Optimization problem, which is aimed at finding the global minimal value of a given cost function, is one of the central problem in science and engineering. Various numerical methods have been proposed to solve this problem, among which the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-07 Shaojun Dong , Fengyu Le , Meng Zhang , Si-Jing Tao , Chao Wang , Yong-Jian Han , Guo-Ping Guo

While the popularity of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) is steadily rising, to this date, PINNs have not been successful in simulating multi-scale and singular perturbation problems. In this work, we present a new training paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Zhiwei Fang , Sifan Wang , Paris Perdikaris

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) provide a deep learning framework for numerically solving partial differential equations (PDEs), and have been widely used in a variety of PDE problems. However, there still remain some challenges in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Wensheng Li , Chao Zhang , Chuncheng Wang , Hanting Guan , Dacheng Tao

We consider the problem of approximating a function by an element of a nonlinear manifold which admits a differentiable parametrization, typical examples being neural networks with differentiable activation functions or tensor networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Anthony Nouy , Agustín Somacal

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have emerged as a prominent approach for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) by minimizing a combined loss function that incorporates both boundary loss and PDE residual loss. Despite their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Youngsik Hwang , Dong-Young Lim
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