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As offensive content has become pervasive in social media, there has been much research in identifying potentially offensive messages. However, previous work on this topic did not consider the problem as a whole, but rather focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Marcos Zampieri , Shervin Malmasi , Preslav Nakov , Sara Rosenthal , Noura Farra , Ritesh Kumar

Social media has become a crucial arena for shaping public narratives during armed conflicts, providing space for both harmful and constructive communication. While hate speech and misinformation have been widely studied, expressions that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Esra'a Sharqawi , Wajdi Zaghouani

With growing role of social media in shaping public opinions and beliefs across the world, there has been an increased attention to identify and counter the problem of hate speech on social media. Hate speech on online spaces has serious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Prashanth Vijayaraghavan , Hugo Larochelle , Deb Roy

Online social media platforms are central to everyday communication and information seeking. While these platforms serve positive purposes, they also provide fertile ground for the spread of hate speech, offensive language, and bullying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Md Arid Hasan , Firoj Alam , Md Fahad Hossain , Usman Naseem , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed

We suggest a multilabel Korean online hate speech dataset that covers seven categories of hate speech: (1) Race and Nationality, (2) Religion, (3) Regionalism, (4) Ageism, (5) Misogyny, (6) Sexual Minorities, and (7) Male. Our 35K dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-11 TaeYoung Kang , Eunrang Kwon , Junbum Lee , Youngeun Nam , Junmo Song , JeongKyu Suh

This study investigates Machine Learning (ML) in the prediction of emojis in Arabic tweets employing the (state-of-the-art) MARBERT model. A corpus of 11379 CA tweets representing multiple Arabic colloquial dialects was collected from X.com…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Mohammed Q. Shormani , Ibrahim Abdulmalik Hassan Muneef Y. Alshawsh

Disparate biases associated with datasets and trained classifiers in hateful and abusive content identification tasks have raised many concerns recently. Although the problem of biased datasets on abusive language detection has been…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Marzieh Mozafari , Reza Farahbakhsh , Noel Crespi

To address the global challenge of online hate speech, prior research has developed detection models to flag such content on social media. However, due to systematic biases in evaluation datasets, the real-world effectiveness of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Manuel Tonneau , Diyi Liu , Niyati Malhotra , Scott A. Hale , Samuel P. Fraiberger , Victor Orozco-Olvera , Paul Röttger

We present a neural-network based approach to classifying online hate speech in general, as well as racist and sexist speech in particular. Using pre-trained word embeddings and max/mean pooling from simple, fully-connected transformations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Rohan Kshirsagar , Tyus Cukuvac , Kathleen McKeown , Susan McGregor

During the last two decades, we have progressively turned to the Internet and social media to find news, entertain conversations and share opinion. Recently, OpenAI has developed a ma-chine learning system called GPT-2 for Generative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Fouzi Harrag , Maria Debbah , Kareem Darwish , Ahmed Abdelali

This paper presents a novel scheme for the annotation of hate speech in corpora of Web 2.0 commentary. The proposed scheme is motivated by the critical analysis of posts made in reaction to news reports on the Mediterranean migration crisis…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Stavros Assimakopoulos , Rebecca Vella Muskat , Lonneke van der Plas , Albert Gatt

Social media platforms have recently seen an increase in the occurrence of hate speech discourse which has led to calls for improved detection methods. Most of these rely on annotated data, keywords, and a classification technique. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Jherez Taylor , Melvyn Peignon , Yi-Shin Chen

With the recent surge and exponential growth of social media usage, scrutinizing social media content for the presence of any hateful content is of utmost importance. Researchers have been diligently working since the past decade on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Atanu Mandal , Gargi Roy , Amit Barman , Indranil Dutta , Sudip Kumar Naskar

Due to the severity of the social media offensive and hateful comments in Brazil, and the lack of research in Portuguese, this paper provides the first large-scale expert annotated corpus of Brazilian Instagram comments for hate speech and…

Hate speech and toxic comments are a common concern of social media platform users. Although these comments are, fortunately, the minority in these platforms, they are still capable of causing harm. Therefore, identifying these comments is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 João A. Leite , Diego F. Silva , Kalina Bontcheva , Carolina Scarton

With the growth of social media platform influence, the effect of their misuse becomes more and more impactful. The importance of automatic detection of threatening and abusive language can not be overestimated. However, most of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Maaz Amjad , Alisa Zhila , Grigori Sidorov , Andrey Labunets , Sabur Butta , Hamza Imam Amjad , Oxana Vitman , Alexander Gelbukh

Identifying adverse and hostile content on the web and more particularly, on social media, has become a problem of paramount interest in recent years. With their ever increasing popularity, fine-tuning of pretrained Transformer-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Tathagata Raha , Sayar Ghosh Roy , Ujwal Narayan , Zubair Abid , Vasudeva Varma

Hate speech is a global phenomenon, but most hate speech datasets so far focus on English-language content. This hinders the development of more effective hate speech detection models in hundreds of languages spoken by billions across the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Paul Röttger , Debora Nozza , Federico Bianchi , Dirk Hovy

We introduce a novel multi-labeled scheme for joint annotation of hate and counter-hate speech in social media conversations, categorizing hate and counter-hate messages into thematic and rhetorical dimensions. The thematic categories…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Effi Levi , Gal Ron , Odelia Oshri , Shaul R. Shenhav

With the rise of generative text-to-speech models, distinguishing between real and synthetic speech has become challenging, especially for Arabic that have received limited research attention. Most spoof detection efforts have focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Mohamed Maged , Alhassan Ehab , Ali Mekky , Besher Hassan , Shady Shehata