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Training large language models as retrieval-augmented reasoning agents typically combines reinforcement learning with an SFT cold start distilled from a stronger model. However, this paradigm overlooks two fundamental factors: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhipeng Qian , Zihan Liang , Yufei Ma , Ben Chen , Huangyu Dai , Jiayi Ji , Chenyi Lei , Wenwu Ou , Xiaoshuai Sun , Qibin Hou

To acquire a new skill, humans learn better and faster if a tutor, based on their current knowledge level, informs them of how much attention they should pay to particular content or practice problems. Similarly, a machine learning model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Xinyi Wang , Hieu Pham , Paul Michel , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Jaime Carbonell , Graham Neubig

One approach to explaining the hierarchical levels of understanding within a machine learning model is the symbolic method of inductive logic programming (ILP), which is data efficient and capable of learning first-order logic rules that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Andreas Bueff , Vaishak Belle

Solving a reinforcement learning (RL) problem poses two competing challenges: fitting a potentially discontinuous value function, and generalizing well to new observations. In this paper, we analyze the learning dynamics of temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Clare Lyle , Mark Rowland , Will Dabney , Marta Kwiatkowska , Yarin Gal

Reinforcement learning is a powerful learning paradigm in which agents can learn to maximize sparse and delayed reward signals. Although RL has had many impressive successes in complex domains, learning can take hours, days, or even years…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Paniz Behboudian , Yash Satsangi , Matthew E. Taylor , Anna Harutyunyan , Michael Bowling

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve explicit chain-of-thought expansion by imitating deep thinking behaviors of humans, demonstrating excellent performance in complex task scenarios. However, the deep-thinking mode often leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Qian Wan , Ziao Xu , Luona Wei , Xiaoxuan Shen , Jianwen Sun

Human learning relies on specialization -- distinct cognitive mechanisms working together to enable rapid learning. In contrast, most modern neural networks rely on a single mechanism: gradient descent over an objective function. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Daniel Weitekamp , Christopher MacLellan , Erik Harpstead , Kenneth Koedinger

Visual reasoning is essential for building intelligent agents that understand the world and perform problem-solving beyond perception. Differentiable forward reasoning has been developed to integrate reasoning with gradient-based machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Hikaru Shindo , Viktor Pfanschilling , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

As the operations of autonomous systems generally affect simultaneously several users, it is crucial that their designs account for fairness considerations. In contrast to standard (deep) reinforcement learning (RL), we investigate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Umer Siddique , Paul Weng , Matthieu Zimmer

Recently, AI systems have made remarkable progress in various tasks. Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL) is an effective tool for agents to learn policies in low-level state spaces to solve highly complex tasks. Researchers have introduced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Gabriele Sartor , Angelo Oddi , Riccardo Rasconi , Vieri Giuliano Santucci , Rosa Meo

In complex tasks where the reward function is not straightforward and consists of a set of objectives, multiple reinforcement learning (RL) policies that perform task adequately, but employ different strategies can be trained by adjusting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Jasmina Gajcin , Rahul Nair , Tejaswini Pedapati , Radu Marinescu , Elizabeth Daly , Ivana Dusparic

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been endowed with high expectations in tackling challenging manipulation tasks in an autonomous and self-directed fashion. Despite the significant strides made in the development of reinforcement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Zhenshan Bing , Aleksandr Mavrichev , Sicong Shen , Xiangtong Yao , Kejia Chen , Kai Huang , Alois Knoll

Finding meaningful and accurate dense rewards is a fundamental task in the field of reinforcement learning (RL) that enables agents to explore environments more efficiently. In traditional RL settings, agents learn optimal policies through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shuyuan Zhang

Reinforcement learning agents that operate in diverse and complex environments can benefit from the structured decomposition of their behavior. Often, this is addressed in the context of hierarchical reinforcement learning, where the aim is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Anirudh Goyal , Shagun Sodhani , Jonathan Binas , Xue Bin Peng , Sergey Levine , Yoshua Bengio

The complexity of designing reward functions has been a major obstacle to the wide application of deep reinforcement learning (RL) techniques. Describing an agent's desired behaviors and properties can be difficult, even for experts. A new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Wanqi Xue , Bo An , Shuicheng Yan , Zhongwen Xu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a framework to optimize a control policy using rewards that are revealed by the system as a response to a control action. In its standard form, RL involves a single agent that uses its policy to accomplish a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Juan Cervino , Juan Andres Bazerque , Miguel Calvo-Fullana , Alejandro Ribeiro

Many real-world applications can be formulated as multi-agent cooperation problems, such as network packet routing and coordination of autonomous vehicles. The emergence of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) provides a promising approach for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Zhixuan Liang , Jiannong Cao , Shan Jiang , Divya Saxena , Huafeng Xu

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) can acquire complex behaviors from low-level inputs, such as images. However, real-world applications of such methods require generalizing to the vast variability of the real world. Deep networks are known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Chelsea Finn , Tianhe Yu , Justin Fu , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

Cooperative multi-agent planning requires agents to make joint decisions with partial information and limited communication. Coordination at the trajectory level often fails, as small deviations in timing or movement cascade into conflicts.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Narjes Nourzad , Hanqing Yang , Shiyu Chen , Carlee Joe-Wong

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is commonly used in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback to align large language models (LLMs) with downstream tasks. This paper investigates the feasibility of using PPO for direct reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Alexander G. Padula , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers