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Verifying the authenticity of AI-generated text has become increasingly important with the rapid advancement of large language models, and unbiased watermarking has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to preserve output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Xuehao Cui , Ruibo Chen , Heng Huang

Watermarking LLM-generated text is critical for content attribution and misinformation prevention. However, existing methods compromise text quality, require white-box model access and logit manipulation. These limitations exclude API-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zhuohao Yu , Xingru Jiang , Weizheng Gu , Yidong Wang , Qingsong Wen , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

A recent watermarking scheme for language models achieves distortion-free embedding and robustness to edit-distance attacks. However, it suffers from limited generation diversity and high detection overhead. In parallel, recent research has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yangkun Wang , Jingbo Shang

As large language models (LLM) are increasingly used for text generation tasks, it is critical to audit their usages, govern their applications, and mitigate their potential harms. Existing watermark techniques are shown effective in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Chaoyi Zhu , Jeroen Galjaard , Pin-Yu Chen , Lydia Y. Chen

The current work is focusing on the implementation of a robust watermarking algorithm for digital images, which is based on an innovative spread spectrum analysis algorithm for watermark embedding and on a content-based image retrieval…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-09-29 Dimitrios K. Tsolis , Spyros Sioutas , Theodore S. Papatheodorou

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have revolutionized software development but raised critical concerns regarding code provenance, copyright protection, and security. Existing code watermarking approaches suffer from two fundamental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yuqing Nie , Chong Wang , Guosheng Xu , Guoai Xu , Chenyu Wang , Haoyu Wang , Kailong Wang

Potential harms of Large Language Models such as mass misinformation and plagiarism can be partially mitigated if there exists a reliable way to detect machine generated text. In this paper, we propose a new watermarking method to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Kaan Efe Keleş , Ömer Kaan Gürbüz , Mucahid Kutlu

Watermarking embeds information into digital content like images, audio, or text, imperceptible to humans but robustly detectable by specific algorithms. This technology has important applications in many challenges of the industry such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Pierre Fernandez

The growing use of large language models (LLMs) for sensitive applications has highlighted the need for effective watermarking techniques to ensure the provenance and accountability of AI-generated text. However, most existing watermarking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yepeng Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Christopher Kruegel , Dawn Song , Yuheng Bu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in complex natural language processing tasks but raise privacy and security concerns due to the lack of identity recognition. This paper proposes a multi-party credible watermarking framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Haoyu Jiang , Xuhong Wang , Ping Yi , Shanzhe Lei , Yilun Lin

Large language models now draft news, legal analyses, and software code with human-level fluency. At the same time, regulations such as the EU AI Act mandate that each synthetic passage carry an imperceptible, machine-verifiable mark for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shinwoo Park , Hyejin Park , Hyeseon Ahn , Yo-Sub Han

Benchmark contamination poses a significant challenge to the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluations, as it is difficult to assert whether a model has been trained on a test set. We introduce a solution to this problem by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Tom Sander , Pierre Fernandez , Saeed Mahloujifar , Alain Durmus , Chuan Guo

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs), celebrated for their ability to generate human-like text, has raised concerns about misinformation and ethical implications. Addressing these concerns necessitates the development of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Wissam Antoun , Benoît Sagot , Djamé Seddah

Watermarking large language models (LLMs) is vital for preventing their misuse, including the fabrication of fake news, plagiarism, and spam. It is especially important to watermark LLM-generated code, as it often contains intellectual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Li Lin , Siyuan Xin , Yang Cao , Xiaochun Cao

The rapid advancement of LLMs (Large Language Models) has established them as a foundational technology for many AI and ML-powered human computer interactions. A critical challenge in this context is the attribution of LLM-generated text --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jarosław Janas , Paweł Morawiecki , Josef Pieprzyk

Detecting whether copyright holders' works were used in LLM pretraining is poised to be an important problem. This work proposes using data watermarks to enable principled detection with only black-box model access, provided that the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei , Ryan Yixiang Wang , Robin Jia

The indistinguishability of AI-generated content from human text raises challenges in transparency and accountability. While several methods exist to watermark models behind APIs, embedding watermark strategies directly into model weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Fay Elhassan , Niccolò Ajroldi , Antonio Orvieto , Jonas Geiping

Large language models are probabilistic models, and the process of generating content is essentially sampling from the output distribution of the language model. Existing watermarking techniques inject watermarks into the generated content…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhengmian Hu , Heng Huang

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

We show the viability of tackling misuses of large language models beyond the identification of machine-generated text. While existing zero-bit watermark methods focus on detection only, some malicious misuses demand tracing the adversary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 KiYoon Yoo , Wonhyuk Ahn , Nojun Kwak