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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are well suited for resource-constrained applications as they do not need expensive multipliers. In a typical rate-encoded SNN, a series of binary spikes within a globally fixed time window is used to fire the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Zhanglu Yan , Jun Zhou , Weng-Fai Wong

We propose a novel backpropagation algorithm for training spiking neural networks (SNNs) that encodes information in the relative multiple spike timing of individual neurons without single-spike restrictions. The proposed algorithm inherits…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kakei Yamamoto , Yusuke Sakemi , Kazuyuki Aihara

A Spiking Neural Network (SNN) can be trained indirectly by first training an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the conventional backpropagation algorithm, then converting it into an SNN. The conventional rate-coding method for SNNs uses…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ming Zhang , Nenggan Zheng , De Ma , Gang Pan , Zonghua Gu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), as an emerging biologically inspired computational model, demonstrate significant energy efficiency advantages due to their event-driven information processing mechanism. Compared to traditional Artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Changqing Xu , Buxuan Song , Yi Liu , Xinfang Liao , Wenbin Zheng , Yintang Yang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are capable of encoding and processing temporal information in a biologically plausible way. However, most existing SNN-based methods for image tasks do not fully exploit this feature. Moreover, they often…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Xuerui Qiu , Zheng Luan , Zhaorui Wang , Rui-Jie Zhu

Deep spiking neural networks (SNNs) support asynchronous event-driven computation, massive parallelism and demonstrate great potential to improve the energy efficiency of its synchronous analog counterpart. However, insufficient attention…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Jibin Wu , Yansong Chua , Malu Zhang , Qu Yang , Guoqi Li , Haizhou Li

The ambition of brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) is to become a low-power alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This work addresses two major challenges in realizing this vision: the performance gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Man Yao , Xuerui Qiu , Tianxiang Hu , Jiakui Hu , Yuhong Chou , Keyu Tian , Jianxing Liao , Luziwei Leng , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is the third generation of Neural Network (NN) mimicking the natural behavior of the brain. By processing based on binary input/output, SNNs offer lower complexity, higher density and lower power consumption.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Khanh N. Dang , Abderazek Ben Abdallah

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), with their event-driven and biologically inspired operation, are well-suited for energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware. Neural coding, critical to SNNs, determines how information is represented via spikes.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Kaiwei Che , Wei Fang , Zhengyu Ma , Yifan Huang , Peng Xue , Li Yuan , Timothée Masquelier , Yonghong Tian

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are developed as a promising alternative to Artificial Neural networks (ANNs) due to their more realistic brain-inspired computing models. SNNs have sparse neuron firing over time, i.e., spatio-temporal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Qinyu Chen , Chang Gao , Xinyuan Fang , Haitao Luan

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise ultra-low-power applications by exploiting temporal and spatial sparsity. The number of binary activations, called spikes, is proportional to the power consumed when executed on neuromorphic hardware.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Gregor Lenz , Garrick Orchard , Sadique Sheik

This paper proposes a two-step spike encoding scheme, which consists of the source encoding and the process encoding for a high energy-efficient spiking-neural-network (SNN) acceleration. The eigen-train generation and its superposition…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Sangyeob Kim , Sangjin Kim , Soyeon Um , Soyeon Kim , Hoi-Jun Yoo

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a promising, energy-efficient alternative to standard Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and are particularly well-suited to spatio-temporal tasks such as keyword spotting and video classification. However,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zainab Aizaz , James C. Knight , Thomas Nowotny

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are extensively utilized in brain-inspired computing and neuroscience research. To enhance the speed and energy efficiency of SNNs, several many-core accelerators have been developed. However, maintaining the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Zhuo Chen , De Ma , Xiaofei Jin , Qinghui Xing , Ouwen Jin , Xin Du , Shuibing He , Gang Pan

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have recently attracted widespread research interest as an efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) because of their capability to process sparse and binary spike information and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Yuhang Li , Abhishek Moitra , Tamar Geller , Priyadarshini Panda

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as an attractive spatio-temporal computing paradigm for complex vision tasks. However, most existing works yield models that require many time steps and do not leverage the inherent temporal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Gourav Datta , Haoqin Deng , Robert Aviles , Peter A. Beerel

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are energy efficient alternatives to commonly used deep neural networks (DNNs). Through event-driven information processing, SNNs can reduce the expensive compute requirements of DNNs considerably, while…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Nitin Rathi , Kaushik Roy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer high energy efficiency and event-driven computation, ideal for low-power edge AI. Their hardware implementation on FPGAs, however, faces challenges due to heavy computation, large memory use, and limited…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Mohammad Javad Sekonji , Ali Mahani , Maryam Mirsadeghi , Mahdi Taheri

Communication by rare, binary spikes is a key factor for the energy efficiency of biological brains. However, it is harder to train biologically-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) than artificial neural networks (ANNs). This is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Ana Stanojevic , Stanisław Woźniak , Guillaume Bellec , Giovanni Cherubini , Angeliki Pantazi , Wulfram Gerstner

Radio Frequency (RF) sensing holds the potential for enabling pervasive monitoring applications. However, modern sensing algorithms imply complex operations, which clash with the energy-constrained nature of edge sensing devices. This calls…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-30 Eleonora Cicciarella , Riccardo Mazzieri , Jacopo Pegoraro , Michele Rossi