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As Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used, understanding them systematically is key to improving their safety and realizing their full potential. Although many models are aligned using techniques such as reinforcement learning from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Sajib Biswas , Mao Nishino , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu

Large language model (LLM) safety classifiers such as Llama Guard are effective at detecting overtly harmful prompts but remain vulnerable to adversarial jailbreak attacks that disguise malicious intent through role-play scenarios,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lixing Lin , Juli You , Yue Li , Luyun Lin , Yiqing Wang , Zhen Zhang , Moxuan Zheng

As powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used for numerous practical applications, their safety is of critical importance. While alignment techniques have significantly improved overall safety, LLMs remain vulnerable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Samuel Jacob Chacko , Sajib Biswas , Chashi Mahiul Islam , Fatema Tabassum Liza , Xiuwen Liu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities, they remain susceptible to sophisticated, multi-step jailbreak attacks that circumvent conventional surface-level safety alignment by exploiting the internal generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jiachen Ma , Jiawen Zhang , Xiangtian Li , Bo Zou , Chaochao Lu , Chao Yang

Despite advances in AI alignment, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks or jailbreaking, in which adversaries can modify prompts to induce unwanted behavior. While some defenses have been proposed, they have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Andy Zhou , Bo Li , Haohan Wang

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in critical applications, ensuring their robustness and safety alignment remains a major challenge. Despite the overall success of alignment techniques such as reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Sajib Biswas , Mao Nishino , Samuel Jacob Chacko , Xiuwen Liu

Security alignment enables the Large Language Model (LLM) to gain the protection against malicious queries, but various jailbreak attack methods reveal the vulnerability of this security mechanism. Previous studies have isolated LLM…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xiaohu Li , Yunfeng Ning , Zepeng Bao , Mayi Xu , Jianhao Chen , Tieyun Qian

Jailbreaks are adversarial attacks designed to bypass the built-in safety mechanisms of large language models. Automated jailbreaks typically optimize an adversarial suffix or adapt long prompt templates by forcing the model to generate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Raffaele Mura , Giorgio Piras , Kamilė Lukošiūtė , Maura Pintor , Amin Karbasi , Battista Biggio

Safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) can be compromised with manual jailbreak attacks and (automatic) adversarial attacks. Recent studies suggest that defending against these attacks is possible: adversarial attacks generate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Sicheng Zhu , Ruiyi Zhang , Bang An , Gang Wu , Joe Barrow , Zichao Wang , Furong Huang , Ani Nenkova , Tong Sun

Extensive efforts have been made before the public release of Large language models (LLMs) to align their behaviors with human values. However, even meticulously aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to malicious manipulations such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zeguan Xiao , Yan Yang , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) aligned with human feedback have recently garnered significant attention. However, it remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversaries manipulate prompts to induce harmful outputs. Exploring jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Hongyi Li , Jiawei Ye , Jie Wu , Tianjie Yan , Chu Wang , Zhixin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in diverse real-world settings, yet remain vulnerable to jailbreaking, where prompt-based attacks bypass safety filters. We present THREAT (Targeted Harmful generation via Reframing and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shahnewaz Karim Sakib , Swati Kar , Anindya Bijoy Das

Although safely enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling various complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks, particularly the unknown jailbreak attack. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Fan Liu , Zhao Xu , Hao Liu

Large language models (LLMs) can often be made to behave in undesirable ways that they are explicitly fine-tuned not to. For example, the LLM red-teaming literature has produced a wide variety of 'jailbreaking' techniques to elicit harmful…

Iterative jailbreak methods that repeatedly rewrite and input prompts into large language models (LLMs) to induce harmful outputs -- using the model's previous responses to guide each new iteration -- have been found to be a highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Masahiro Kaneko , Zeerak Talat , Timothy Baldwin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, yet they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, notably the well-known jailbreak attack. In particular, the Greedy Coordinate Gradient (GCG) attack has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yihao Zhang , Zeming Wei

Automatic adversarial prompt generation provides remarkable success in jailbreaking safely-aligned large language models (LLMs). Existing gradient-based attacks, while demonstrating outstanding performance in jailbreaking white-box LLMs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Qizhang Li , Xiaochen Yang , Wangmeng Zuo , Yiwen Guo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted in a wide range of real-world applications. Despite their impressive performance, recent studies have shown that LLMs are vulnerable to deliberately crafted adversarial prompts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Yige Li , Ye Zhang , Jun Sun

As the scale and complexity of jailbreaking attacks on large language models (LLMs) continue to escalate, their efficiency and practical applicability are constrained, posing a profound challenge to LLM security. Jailbreaking techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xiang Li , Chong Zhang , Jia Wang , Fangyu Wu , Yushi Li , Xiaobo Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language tasks, but their safety and morality remain contentious due to their training on internet text corpora. To address these concerns, alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Mohammad Bahrami Karkevandi , Nishant Vishwamitra , Peyman Najafirad
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