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Matrix multiplication is the dominant computation during Machine Learning (ML) inference. To efficiently perform such multiplication operations, Compute-in-memory (CiM) paradigms have emerged as a highly energy efficient solution. However,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Tanvi Sharma , Mustafa Ali , Indranil Chakraborty , Kaushik Roy

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layers activate a subset of model weights, dubbed experts, to improve model performance. MoE is particularly promising for deployment on process-in-memory (PIM) architectures, because PIM can naturally fit experts…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Hanyuan Gao , Xiaoxuan Yang

Resistive-random-access-memory (ReRAM) based processing-in-memory (R$^2$PIM) accelerators show promise in bridging the gap between Internet of Thing devices' constrained resources and Convolutional/Deep Neural Networks' (CNNs/DNNs')…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Weitao Li , Pengfei Xu , Yang Zhao , Haitong Li , Yuan Xie , Yingyan Lin

In-memory-computing is emerging as an efficient hardware paradigm for deep neural network accelerators at the edge, enabling to break the memory wall and exploit massive computational parallelism. Two design models have surged: analog…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Pouya Houshmand , Jiacong Sun , Marian Verhelst

Design space exploration is an important but costly step involved in the design/deployment of custom architectures to squeeze out maximum possible performance and energy efficiency. Conventionally, optimizations require iterative sampling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Ananda Samajdar , Jan Moritz Joseph , Matthew Denton , Tushar Krishna

Numerous process discovery techniques exist for generating process models that describe recorded executions of business processes. The models are meant to generalize executions into human-understandable modeling patterns, notably…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Dennis Brons , Roeland Scheepens , Dirk Fahland

The expansion of long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) creates significant memory system challenges. While Processing-in-Memory (PIM) is a promising accelerator, we identify that it suffers from critical inefficiencies when scaled to…

The use of deep learning has grown at an exponential rate, giving rise to numerous specialized hardware and software systems for deep learning. Because the design space of deep learning software stacks and hardware accelerators is diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Zhan Shi , Chirag Sakhuja , Milad Hashemi , Kevin Swersky , Calvin Lin

The surge in AI usage demands innovative power reduction strategies. Novel Compute-in-Memory (CIM) architectures, leveraging advanced memory technologies, hold the potential for significantly lowering energy consumption by integrating…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-14 José Cubero-Cascante , Arunkumar Vaidyanathan , Rebecca Pelke , Lorenzo Pfeifer , Rainer Leupers , Jan Moritz Joseph

Processing-in-memory (PIM) has emerged as the go to solution for addressing the von Neumann bottleneck in edge AI accelerators. However, state-of-the-art (SoTA) digital PIM approaches suffer from low compute density, primarily due to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Mukul Lokhande , Narendra Singh Dhakad , Seema Chouhan , Akash Sankhe , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma

Content addressable memory (CAM) stands out as an efficient hardware solution for memory-intensive search operations by supporting parallel computation in memory. However, developing a CAM-based accelerator architecture that achieves…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Mengyuan Li , Shiyi Liu , Mohammad Mehdi Sharifi , X. Sharon Hu

Developing kernels for Processing-In-Memory (PIM) platforms poses unique challenges in data management and parallel programming on limited processing units. Although software development kits (SDKs) for PIM, such as the UPMEM SDK, provide…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Krystian Chmielewski , Jarosław Ławnicki , Uladzislau Lukyanau , Tadeusz Kobus , Maciej Maciejewski

Neural architecture search (NAS) remains a challenging problem, which is attributed to the indispensable and time-consuming component of performance estimation (PE). In this paper, we provide a novel yet systematic rethinking of PE in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-21 Xiawu Zheng , Rongrong Ji , Qiang Wang , Qixiang Ye , Zhenguo Li , Yonghong Tian , Qi Tian

Computing-in-Memory (CIM) macros have gained popularity for deep learning acceleration due to their highly parallel computation and low power consumption. However, limited macro size and ADC precision introduce throughput and accuracy…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ming-Han Lin , Tian-Sheuan Chang

Edge deployment of low-batch large language models (LLMs) faces critical memory bandwidth bottlenecks when executing memory-intensive general matrix-vector multiplications (GEMV) operations. While digital processing-in-memory (PIM)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ye Lin , Chao Fang , Xiaoyong Song , Qi Wu , Anying Jiang , Yichuan Bai , Li Du

Chiplet-based integration enables large-scale systems that combine diverse technologies, enabling higher yield, lower costs, and scalability, making them well-suited to AI workloads. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) has emerged as a promising…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Alish Kanani , Lukas Pfromm , Harsh Sharma , Janardhan Rao Doppa , Partha Pratim Pande , Umit Y. Ogras

Artificial neural networks have gone through a recent rise in popularity, achieving state-of-the-art results in various fields, including image classification, speech recognition, and automated control. Both the performance and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Sean C. Smithson , Guang Yang , Warren J. Gross , Brett H. Meyer

As industrial recommender systems enter a scaling-driven regime, Transformer architectures have become increasingly attractive for scaling models towards larger capacity and longer sequence. However, existing Transformer-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xu Huang , Hao Zhang , Zhifang Fan , Yunwen Huang , Zhuoxing Wei , Zheng Chai , Jinan Ni , Yuchao Zheng , Qiwei Chen

The rapidly-changing deep learning landscape presents a unique opportunity for building inference accelerators optimized for specific datacenter-scale workloads. We propose Full-stack Accelerator Search Technique (FAST), a hardware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Dan Zhang , Safeen Huda , Ebrahim Songhori , Kartik Prabhu , Quoc Le , Anna Goldie , Azalia Mirhoseini

Processing-in-memory (PIM) seeks to eliminate computation/memory data transfer using devices that support both storage and logic. Stateful logic techniques such as IMPLY, MAGIC and FELIX can perform logic gates within memristive crossbar…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Orian Leitersdorf , Ronny Ronen , Shahar Kvatinsky