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The widely accepted definition of grid-forming (GFM) inverter states that it should behave as a (nearly) constant voltage source behind an impedance by maintaining a (nearly) constant internal voltage phasor in the sub-transient to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Ambuj Gupta , Balarko Chaudhuri , Mark O'Malley

This paper develops a risk-aware controller for grid-forming inverters (GFMs) to minimize large frequency oscillations in GFM inverter-dominated power systems. To tackle the high variability from loads/renewables, we incorporate a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-19 Kyung-bin Kwon , Sayak Mukherjee , Thanh Long Vu , Hao Zhu

Recent research has shown that operating grid-connected converters using the grid-forming vector current control (GFVCC) scheme offers significant benefits, including the simplicity and modularity of the control architecture, as well as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-06 Ognjen Stanojev , Orcun Karaca , Mario Schweizer

Hybrid microgrids integrating Grid-Following (GFL) and Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters present complex control challenges arising from the decoupling between long-term economic dispatch and real-time dynamic regulation, as well as the distinct…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Lifu Ding , Chunhui Hou , Yutong Li , Qinmin Yang

Grid-forming (GFM) converters face significant challenges in limiting current during transient grid events while preserving their grid-forming behavior. This paper offers an elegant solution to the problem with a priori guarantees,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Michael Schneeberger , Silvia Mastellone , Florian Dörfler

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

The high penetration of voltage source converters in modern smart microgrids enhances operational flexibility while introducing complex cyber-physical vulnerabilities. Existing cyber-attack studies either require detailed knowledge of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-15 Hongwei Zhen , Ze Yu , Xin Xiang , Mingyang Sun , Wuhua Li

Ground fault detection in inverter-based microgrid (IBM) systems is challenging, particularly in a real-time setting, as the fault current deviates slightly from the nominal value. This difficulty is reinforced when there are partially…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-11 Jingwei Dong , Yucheng Liao , Haiwei Xie , Jochen Cremer , Peyman Mohajerin Esfahani

Future power systems will include high shares of inverter-based generation. There is a general consensus that for allowing this transition, the Grid-Forming (GFM) control approach would be of great value. This article presents a GFM control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-08 Julian Freytes , Antoine Rossé , Valentin Costan , Grégoire Prime

Integration of Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) which lack the intrinsic characteristics such as the inertial response of the traditional synchronous-generator (SG) based sources presents a new challenge in the form of analyzing the grid…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Satish Vedula , Ayobami Olajube , Olugbenga Anubi

The increasing integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into the power grid introduces new challenges, requiring detailed electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies to analyze system interactions. Despite these needs, access to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-25 Andres Intriago , Alexandros Paspatis , Francesco Liberati , Charalambos Konstantinou

Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

Diverse synchronization dynamics within the grid-following (GFL)/grid-forming (GFM) converters-interlinked system are prone to induce oscillatory instabilities. To quantify their stability influences, frequency-domain modal analysis (FMA)…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Haoxiang Zong , Chen Zhang , Marta Molinas

Grid-interfacing inverters allow renewable resources to be connected to the electric grid and offer fast and programmable control responses. However, inverters are subject to significant physical constraints. One such constraint is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

Conventional relays face challenges for transmission lines connected to inverter-based resources (IBRs). In this article, a single-ended intelligent protection of the transmission line in the zone between the grid and the PV farm is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Pallav Kumar Bera , Samita Rani Pani , Can Isik , Ramesh C. Bansal

To satisfy dynamic requirements of power systems, it is imperative for grid-tied inverters to ensure good disturbance rejection performance (DRP) under variable grid conditions. This letter discovers and theoretically proves that for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Fuyilong Ma , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Linbin Huang

This paper proposes an advanced control strategy to eliminate both current sharing error and DC circulating current caused by line impedance mismatched and measurement errors in islanded AC microgrid system. The proposed adaptive virtual…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Quoc Nam Trinh , Bang Nguyen , Rob Hovsapian

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, grid-forming (GFM) inverters are becoming essential for voltage and frequency regulation. However, the transient stability of GFM inverter is critically affected by the current…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Dewan Mahnaaz Mahmud , Vinu Thomas , Bogdan Marinescu , Mickaël Hilairet