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Federated Learning has emerged as a leading approach for decentralized machine learning, enabling multiple clients to collaboratively train a shared model without exchanging private data. While FL enhances data privacy, it remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Md Jueal Mia , M. Hadi Amini

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows for computation directly on encrypted data and enables privacy-preserving neural inference in the cloud. Prior work has focused on models with dense inputs (e.g., CNNs), with less attention given to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Karthik Garimella , Austin Ebel , Gabrielle De Micheli , Brandon Reagen

We present two new statistical machine learning methods designed to learn on fully homomorphic encrypted (FHE) data. The introduction of FHE schemes following Gentry (2009) opens up the prospect of privacy preserving statistical machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-08-28 Louis J. M. Aslett , Pedro M. Esperança , Chris C. Holmes

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows arbitrarily complex computations on encrypted data without ever needing to decrypt it, thus enabling us to maintain data privacy on third-party systems. Unfortunately, sustaining deep computations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Leo de Castro , Rashmi Agrawal , Rabia Yazicigil , Anantha Chandrakasan , Vinod Vaikuntanathan , Chiraag Juvekar , Ajay Joshi

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) refers to a set of encryption schemes that allow computations to be applied directly on encrypted data without requiring a secret key. This enables novel application scenarios where a client can safely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Roshan Dathathri , Olli Saarikivi , Hao Chen , Kim Laine , Kristin Lauter , Saeed Maleki , Madanlal Musuvathi , Todd Mytkowicz

Suppose some data have been encrypted, can you compute with the data without decrypting them? This problem has been studied as homomorphic encryption and blind computing. We consider this problem in the context of quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-26 Min Liang

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows a third party to perform arbitrary computations on encrypted data, learning neither the inputs nor the computation results. Hence, it provides resilience in situations where computations are carried…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Alexander Viand , Patrick Jattke , Anwar Hithnawi

In today's data-driven world, recommendation systems personalize user experiences across industries but rely on sensitive data, raising privacy concerns. Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) can secure these systems, but a significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Moontaha Nishat Chowdhury , André Bauer , Minxuan Zhou

Privacy-preserving machine learning has become an important long-term pursuit in this era of artificial intelligence (AI). Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a uniquely promising solution, offering provable privacy and security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Cory Brynds , Parker McLeod , Lauren Caccamise , Asmita Pal , Dewan Saiham , Sazadur Rahman , Joshua San Miguel , Di Wu

Homomorphic encryption is an encryption scheme that allows computations to be evaluated on encrypted inputs without knowledge of their raw messages. Recently Ouyang et al. constructed a quantum homomorphic encryption (QHE) scheme for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-29 Ching-Yi Lai , Kai-Min Chung

Federated learning has become increasingly widespread due to its ability to train models collaboratively without centralizing sensitive data. While most research on FL emphasizes privacy-preserving techniques during training, the evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Cem Ata Baykara , Ali Burak Ünal , Mete Akgün

Machine learning (ML) is widely used today, especially through deep neural networks (DNNs), however, increasing computational load and resource requirements have led to cloud-based solutions. To address this problem, a new generation of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Farzad Nikfam , Raffaele Casaburi , Alberto Marchisio , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

Privacy-preserving machine learning (PPML) is an emerging topic to handle secure machine learning inference over sensitive data in untrusted environments. Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables computation directly on encrypted data on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yu Hin Chan , Hao Yang , Shiyu Shen , Xingyu Fan , Shengzhe Lyu , Patrick S. Y. Hung , Ray C. C. Cheung

The widespread adoption of Machine Learning as a Service raises critical privacy and security concerns, particularly about data confidentiality and trust in both cloud providers and the machine learning models. Homomorphic Encryption (HE)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Nges Brian Njungle , Eric Jahns , Michel A. Kinsy

Fully Homomorphic Encryption~(FHE) is a key technology enabling privacy-preserving computing. However, the fundamental challenge of FHE is its inefficiency, due primarily to the underlying polynomial computations with high computation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Junxue Zhang , Xiaodian Cheng , Liu Yang , Jinbin Hu , Ximeng Liu , Kai Chen

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is one of the most promising security solutions to emerging Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS). Leveled-HE (LHE)-enabled Convolutional Neural Networks (LHECNNs) are proposed to implement MLaaS to avoid large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Qian Lou , Lei Jiang

Traditional approaches to vector similarity search over encrypted data rely on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) to enable computation without decryption. However, the substantial computational overhead of FHE makes it impractical for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Dongfang Zhao

The integration of fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) in federated learning (FL) has led to significant advances in data privacy. However, during the aggregation phase, it often results in performance degradation of the aggregated model,…

Quantum fully homomorphic encryption (QFHE) allows to evaluate quantum circuits on encrypted data. We present a novel QFHE scheme, which extends Pauli one-time pad encryption by relying on the quaternion representation of SU(2). With the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Guangsheng Ma , Hongbo Li

Quantum Federated Learning (QFL) enables distributed training of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) models by sharing model gradients instead of raw data. However, these gradients can still expose sensitive user information. To enhance privacy,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Lukas Böhm , Arjhun Swaminathan , Anika Hannemann , Erik Buchmann