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Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown surprising performance in task-specific workloads as well as general tasks with the given prompts. However, to achieve unprecedented performance, recent LLMs use billions to trillions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Geonhwa Jeong , Po-An Tsai , Stephen W. Keckler , Tushar Krishna

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown an impressive capability in code generation. The LLM effectiveness generally increases with its size: The higher the number of LLM's trainable parameters the better its ability to implement code.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Alessandro Giagnorio , Antonio Mastropaolo , Saima Afrin , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively researched and used in both academia and industry since the rise in popularity of the Transformer model, which demonstrates excellent performance in AI. However, the computational demands…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Jiedong Lang , Zhehao Guo , Shuyu Huang

Recent works on compression of large language models (LLM) using quantization considered reparameterizing the architecture such that weights are distributed on the sphere. This demonstratively improves the ability to quantize by increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Tycho F. A. van der Ouderaa , Maximilian L. Croci , Agrin Hilmkil , James Hensman

In this work, we design and implement VQ-LLM, an efficient fused Vector Quantization (VQ) kernel generation framework. We first introduce a software abstraction called codebook cache to optimize codebook access efficiency and support the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Zihan Liu , Xinhao Luo , Junxian Guo , Wentao Ni , Yangjie Zhou , Yue Guan , Cong Guo , Weihao Cui , Yu Feng , Minyi Guo , Yuhao Zhu , Minjia Zhang , Jingwen Leng , Chen Jin

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to grow in size, storing and transmitting them on edge devices becomes increasingly challenging. Traditional methods like quantization and pruning struggle to achieve extreme compression of LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ye Tian , Chengcheng Wang , Jing Han , Yehui Tang , Kai Han

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) achieve outstanding performance, yet their huge model size severely hinders deployment on edge devices with limited resources. As an efficient model compression technique, vector quantization (VQ) excels in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhong Wang , Zukang Xu , Xing Hu , Dawei Yang

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of quantization techniques for optimizing Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically focusing on Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT). Through empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jahid Hasan

Large Language Models (LLMs), epitomized by ChatGPT's release in late 2022, have revolutionized various industries with their advanced language comprehension. However, their efficiency is challenged by the Transformer architecture's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Luohe Shi , Hongyi Zhang , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Hai Zhao

In this paper, we propose a post-training quantization framework of large vision-language models (LVLMs) for efficient multi-modal inference. Conventional quantization methods sequentially search the layer-wise rounding functions by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Changyuan Wang , Ziwei Wang , Xiuwei Xu , Yansong Tang , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized a wide range of domains such as natural language processing, computer vision, and multi-modal tasks due to their ability to comprehend context and perform logical reasoning. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Haoyang Li , Yiming Li , Anxin Tian , Tianhao Tang , Zhanchao Xu , Xuejia Chen , Nicole Hu , Wei Dong , Qing Li , Lei Chen

Vector Quantization (VQ) is an appealing model compression method to obtain a tiny model with less accuracy loss. While methods to obtain better codebooks and codes under fixed clustering dimensionality have been extensively studied,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zezhou Zhu , Yucong Zhou , Zhao Zhong

The success of models operating on tokenized data has heightened the need for effective tokenization methods, particularly in vision and auditory tasks where inputs are naturally continuous. A common solution is to employ Vector…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-08 Nabarun Goswami , Yusuke Mukuta , Tatsuya Harada

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) typically involves a two-stage pipeline at the output layer: hidden states are projected into vocabulary logits via a linear transformation (lm_head), followed by cross-entropy loss computation against…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jianbing Dong , Jianbin Chang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have enabled a variety of real-world applications. The large parameter size of VLMs brings large memory and computation overhead which poses significant challenges for deployment. Post-Training Quantization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Shiyao Li , Yingchun Hu , Xuefei Ning , Xihui Liu , Ke Hong , Xiaotao Jia , Xiuhong Li , Yaqi Yan , Pei Ran , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks. However, their extensive memory requirements, particularly due to KV cache growth during long-text understanding and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Haoqi Yang , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Hai Zhao

Large-scale pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have gained prominence in various visual and multimodal tasks, yet the deployment of VLMs on downstream application platforms remains challenging due to their prohibitive requirements of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Huixin Sun , Runqi Wang , Yanjing Li , Xianbin Cao , Xiaolong Jiang , Yao Hu , Baochang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing, but their massive parameter counts create substantial computational and memory challenges during deployment. Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Cuong Pham , Hoang Anh Dung , Cuong C. Nguyen , Trung Le , Gustavo Carneiro , Thanh-Toan Do

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across diverse domains but remain inefficient during the autoregressive decoding phase. Unlike the prefill stage, which employs compute-bound GEMM operations, decoding…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Bowen Duan , Cong Guo , Chiyue Wei , Haoxuan Shan , Yuzhe Fu , Xinhua Chen , Yifan Xu , Ziyue Zhang , Changchun Zhou , Hai Li , Yiran Chen

The emergence of accurate open large language models (LLMs) has led to a race towards performant quantization techniques which can enable their execution on end-user devices. In this paper, we revisit the problem of "extreme" LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Vage Egiazarian , Andrei Panferov , Denis Kuznedelev , Elias Frantar , Artem Babenko , Dan Alistarh