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Existing studies on bias mitigation methods for large language models (LLMs) use diverse baselines and metrics to evaluate debiasing performance, leading to inconsistent comparisons among them. Moreover, their evaluations are mostly based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xin Xu , Xunzhi He , Churan Zhi , Ruizhe Chen , Julian McAuley , Zexue He

As learning-to-rank models are increasingly deployed for decision-making in areas with profound life implications, the FairML community has been developing fair learning-to-rank (LTR) models. These models rely on the availability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Oluseun Olulana , Kathleen Cachel , Fabricio Murai , Elke Rundensteiner

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit social biases inherited from their training data. While existing benchmarks evaluate bias by term-based mode through direct term associations between demographic terms and bias terms, LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jinhao Pan , Chahat Raj , Ziyu Yao , Ziwei Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled at language understanding and generating human-level text. However, even with supervised training and human alignment, these LLMs are susceptible to adversarial attacks where malicious users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shachi H Kumar , Saurav Sahay , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eda Okur , Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Nicole Beckage , Hsuan Su , Hung-yi Lee , Lama Nachman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across various domains but often lack fairness considerations, potentially leading to discriminatory outcomes against marginalized populations. Unlike fairness in traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Thang Doan Viet , Zichong Wang , Minh Nhat Nguyen , Wenbin Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made substantial progress in the past several months, shattering state-of-the-art benchmarks in many domains. This paper investigates LLMs' behavior with respect to gender stereotypes, a known issue for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Hadas Kotek , Rikker Dockum , David Q. Sun

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly powerful and accessible to human users, ensuring fairness across diverse demographic groups, i.e., group fairness, is a critical ethical concern. However, current fairness and bias…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Kefan Song , Jin Yao , Runnan Jiang , Rohan Chandra , Shangtong Zhang

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have recently achieved significant progress, demonstrating strong capabilities in open-world visual understanding. However, it is not yet clear how LVLMs address demographic biases in real life,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xuyang Wu , Yuan Wang , Hsin-Tai Wu , Zhiqiang Tao , Yi Fang

Recent evaluations of Large language models (LLMs) audit social bias primarily through prompts that explicitly reference demographic attributes, overlooking whether models infer sensitive demographics from neutral questions. Such inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Srikant Panda , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Shahad Al-Khalifa , Amit Agarwal , Hend Al-Khalifa , Sharefah Al-Ghamdi

The presence of social biases in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Retrieval (IR) systems is an ongoing challenge, which underlines the importance of developing robust approaches to identifying and evaluating such biases. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Maryam Mousavian , Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

Large Language Models (LLMs), though shown to be effective in many applications, can vary significantly in their response quality. In this paper, we investigate this problem of prompt fairness: specifically, the phrasing of a prompt by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Meiyu Zhong , Noel Teku , Ravi Tandon

The fairness and trustworthiness of Large Language Models (LLMs) are receiving increasing attention. Implicit hate speech, which employs indirect language to convey hateful intentions, occupies a significant portion of practice. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Min Zhang , Jianfeng He , Taoran Ji , Chang-Tien Lu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance, leading to their widespread adoption as decision-support tools in resource-constrained contexts like hiring and admissions. There is, however, scientific consensus that AI…

This study introduces an innovative multilingual bias evaluation framework for assessing bias in Large Language Models, combining explicit bias assessment through the BBQ benchmark with implicit bias measurement using a prompt-based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yuxuan Liang , Marwa Mahmoud

The rise of general-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) systems, particularly large language models (LLMs), has raised pressing moral questions about how to reduce bias and ensure fairness at scale. Researchers have documented a sort of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Jacy Anthis , Kristian Lum , Michael Ekstrand , Avi Feller , Chenhao Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally transformed the field of natural language processing; however, their vulnerability to biases presents a notable obstacle that threatens both fairness and trust. This review offers an extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Kiana Kiashemshaki , Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Negin Mahmoudi , Meysam Shirdel Bilehsavar

The use of language technologies in high-stake settings is increasing in recent years, mostly motivated by the success of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, despite the great performance of LLMs, they are are susceptible to ethical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Alejandro Peña , Julian Fierrez , Aythami Morales , Gonzalo Mancera , Miguel Lopez , Ruben Tolosana

The recent rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) highlights the critical need for benchmarking their fairness. Conventional fairness metrics, which focus on discrete accuracy-based evaluations (i.e., prediction correctness), fail…

Open-generation bias benchmarks evaluate social biases in Large Language Models (LLMs) by analyzing their outputs. However, the classifiers used in analysis often have inherent biases, leading to unfair conclusions. This study examines such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Nathaniel Demchak , Xin Guan , Zekun Wu , Ziyi Xu , Adriano Koshiyama , Emre Kazim

Detecting stereotypes and biases in Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance fairness and reduce adverse impacts on individuals or groups when these LLMs are applied. However, the majority of existing methods focus on measuring the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Yanhong Bai , Jiabao Zhao , Jinxin Shi , Tingjiang Wei , Xingjiao Wu , Liang He