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We introduce SimulBench, a benchmark designed to evaluate large language models (LLMs) across a diverse collection of creative simulation scenarios, such as acting as a Linux terminal or playing text games with users. While these simulation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Qi Jia , Xiang Yue , Tianyu Zheng , Jie Huang , Bill Yuchen Lin

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance and gain widespread use, establishing systematic and reliable evaluation methodologies for LLMs and vision-language models (VLMs) has become essential to ensure their real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jie Feng , Jun Zhang , Tianhui Liu , Xin Zhang , Tianjian Ouyang , Junbo Yan , Yuwei Du , Siqi Guo , Yong Li

Large language models (LLMs) perform well on step-by-step reasoning benchmarks such as mathematics and code generation, yet their ability to carry out robust long-horizon planning under realistic constraints remains insufficiently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Petr Anokhin , Roman Khalikov , Stefan Rebrikov , Viktor Volkov , Artyom Sorokin , Vincent Bissonnette

Large pretrained models are showing increasingly better performance in reasoning and planning tasks across different modalities, opening the possibility to leverage them for complex sequential decision making problems. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Martin Klissarov , Devon Hjelm , Alexander Toshev , Bogdan Mazoure

Offline goal-conditioned reinforcement learning (GCRL) is a major problem in reinforcement learning (RL) because it provides a simple, unsupervised, and domain-agnostic way to acquire diverse behaviors and representations from unlabeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Seohong Park , Kevin Frans , Benjamin Eysenbach , Sergey Levine

Built on the power of LLMs, numerous multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently achieved remarkable performance on various vision-language tasks. However, most existing MLLMs and benchmarks primarily focus on single-image input…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Haowei Liu , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Yaya Shi , Chaoya Jiang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Chunfeng Yuan , Bing Li , Weiming Hu

Reinforcement learning (RL), imitation learning (IL), and task and motion planning (TAMP) have demonstrated impressive performance across various robotic manipulation tasks. However, these approaches have been limited to learning simple…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Minho Heo , Youngwoon Lee , Doohyun Lee , Joseph J. Lim

Large language models (LLMs) with advanced cognitive capabilities are emerging as agents for various reasoning and planning tasks. Traditional evaluations often focus on specific reasoning or planning questions within controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tianlong Wang , Pinqiao Wang , Weili Shi , Sheng li

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have achieved notable success on short-horizon and highly structured tasks. However, their ability to maintain coherent decision-making over long horizons in realistic and dynamic environments remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Linghua Zhang , Jun Wang , Jingtong Wu , Zhisong Zhang

As LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed in real-life scenarios, existing benchmarks fail to capture their inherent complexity of handling extensive information, leveraging diverse resources, and managing dynamic user interactions. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Wei He , Yueqing Sun , Hongyan Hao , Xueyuan Hao , Zhikang Xia , Qi Gu , Chengcheng Han , Dengchang Zhao , Hui Su , Kefeng Zhang , Man Gao , Xi Su , Xiaodong Cai , Xunliang Cai , Yu Yang , Yunke Zhao

The potential of Large Language Model (LLM) as agents has been widely acknowledged recently. Thus, there is an urgent need to quantitatively \textit{evaluate LLMs as agents} on challenging tasks in interactive environments. We present…

Existing benchmarks for Large Language Model (LLM) agents focus on task completion under idealistic settings but overlook reliability in real-world, user-facing applications. In domains, such as in-car voice assistants, users often issue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Johannes Kirmayr , Lukas Stappen , Elisabeth André

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has traditionally focused on training specialized agents to optimize predefined reward functions within narrowly defined environments. However, the advent of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) and increasingly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Fangming Cui , Ruixiao Zhu , Cheng Fang , Sunan Li , Jiahong Li

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a key technique for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), with policy-gradient algorithms dominating the post-training stage because of their efficiency and effectiveness.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Chang Tian , Matthew B. Blaschko , Mingzhe Xing , Xiuxing Li , Yinliang Yue , Marie-Francine Moens

We tackle the problem of aligning pre-trained large language models (LMs) with human preferences. If we view text generation as a sequential decision-making problem, reinforcement learning (RL) appears to be a natural conceptual framework.…

Causal inference in social science relies on end-to-end, intervention-centered research-design reasoning grounded in real-world policy interventions, but current benchmarks fail to evaluate this capability of large language models (LLMs).…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to enhance Agent-Based Modeling by better representing complex interdependent cybersecurity systems, improving cybersecurity threat modeling and risk management. However, evaluating LLMs in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Tam n. Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) are incredible and versatile tools for text-based tasks that have enabled countless, previously unimaginable, applications. Retrieval models, in contrast, have not yet seen such capable general-purpose models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Julian Killingback , Hamed Zamani

Large Language Models (LLMs) based autonomous agents demonstrate multifaceted capabilities to contribute substantially to economic production. However, existing benchmarks remain focused on single agentic capability, failing to capture…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Keyu Li , Junhao Shi , Yang Xiao , Mohan Jiang , Jie Sun , Yunze Wu , Dayuan Fu , Shijie Xia , Xiaojie Cai , Tianze Xu , Weiye Si , Wenjie Li , Dequan Wang , Pengfei Liu

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown stunning results in complex tasks, yet they often operate in isolation, failing to learn from past experiences. Existing memory-based methods primarily store raw trajectories, which are often…