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Large language models (LLMs) show remarkable potential in scientific hypothesis discovery. However, existing approaches face two critical limitations: they treat divergent exploratory ideation and convergent fine-grained refinement as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Hongran An , Zonglin Yang

AI models excel at creating content, but typically render it with static, predefined interfaces. Specifically, the output of LLMs is often a markdown "wall of text". Generative UI is a long standing promise, where the model generates not…

Existing Graphical User Interface (GUI) reasoning tasks remain challenging, particularly in UI understanding. Current methods typically rely on direct screen-based decision-making, which lacks interpretability and overlooks a comprehensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Songze Li , Xiaoke Guo , Tianqi Liu , Biao Yi , Zhaoyan Gong , Zhiqiang Liu , Huajun Chen , Wen Zhang

Analog layout design heavily involves interactive processes between humans and design tools. Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools for this task are usually designed to use scripting commands or visualized buttons for manipulation,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Bingyang Liu , Haoyi Zhang , Xiaohan Gao , Zichen Kong , Xiyuan Tang , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on the design-to-code task, i.e., generating UI code from UI mock-ups. However, existing benchmarks only contain static web pages for evaluation and ignore…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingyu Xiao , Yuxuan Wan , Yintong Huo , Zixin Wang , Xinyi Xu , Wenxuan Wang , Zhiyao Xu , Yuhang Wang , Michael R. Lyu

GUI prototyping serves as one of the most valuable techniques for enhancing the elicitation of requirements and facilitating the visualization and refinement of customer needs. While GUI prototyping has a positive impact on the software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Kristian Kolthoff , Felix Kretzer , Christian Bartelt , Alexander Maedche , Simone Paolo Ponzetto

Effective prompt engineering is critical to realizing the promised productivity gains of large language models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks. Yet, many users struggle to craft prompts that yield high-quality outputs, limiting the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Niklas Gutheil , Valentin Mayer , Leopold Müller , Jörg Rommelt , Niklas Kühl

Utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) for complex tasks is challenging, often involving a time-consuming and uncontrollable prompt engineering process. This paper introduces a novel human-LLM interaction framework, Low-code LLM. It…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yuzhe Cai , Shaoguang Mao , Wenshan Wu , Zehua Wang , Yaobo Liang , Tao Ge , Chenfei Wu , Wang You , Ting Song , Yan Xia , Jonathan Tien , Nan Duan , Furu Wei

Text-rich visual understanding-the ability to process environments where dense textual content is integrated with visuals-is crucial for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to interact effectively with structured environments. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Junpeng Liu , Tianyue Ou , Yifan Song , Yuxiao Qu , Wai Lam , Chenyan Xiong , Wenhu Chen , Graham Neubig , Xiang Yue

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating code from natural language (NL) descriptions. However, the plain textual descriptions are inherently ambiguous and often fail to capture complex requirements like intricate system behaviors,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Wenxin Mao , Zhitao Wang , Long Wang , Sirong Chen , Cuiyun Gao , Luyang Cao , Ziming Liu , Qiming Zhang , Jun Zhou , Zhi Jin

An early stage of developing user-facing applications is creating a wireframe to layout the interface. Once a wireframe has been created it is given to a developer to implement in code. Developing boiler plate user interface code is time…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Alex Robinson

With the rapid advancement of Generative AI technology, Multimodal Large Language Models(MLLMs) have the potential to act as AI software engineers capable of executing complex web application development. Considering that the model requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zhiyu Lin , Zhengda Zhou , Zhiyuan Zhao , Tianrui Wan , Yilun Ma , Junyu Gao , Xuelong Li

Programmers increasingly rely on Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation. However, misalignment between programmers' goals and generated code complicates the code evaluation process and demands frequent switching between prompt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Ryan Yen , Jiawen Zhu , Sangho Suh , Haijun Xia , Jian Zhao

We introduce SIMCOPILOT, a benchmark that simulates the role of large language models (LLMs) as interactive, "copilot"-style coding assistants. Targeting both completion (finishing incomplete methods or code blocks) and infill tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Mingchao Jiang , Abhinav Jain , Sophia Zorek , Chris Jermaine

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized human-AI interaction by enabling intuitive task execution through natural language prompts. Despite their potential, designing effective prompts remains a significant challenge, as small…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yuetian Mao , Junjie He , Chunyang Chen

While Large Language Model (LLM) agents show great potential for automated UI navigation such as automated UI testing and AI assistants, their efficiency has been largely overlooked. Our motivating study reveals that inefficient UI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Dezhi Ran , Zhi Gong , Yuzhe Guo , Mengzhou Wu , Yuan Cao , Haochuan Lu , Hengyu Zhang , Xia Zeng , Gang Cao , Liangchao Yao , Yuetang Deng , Wei Yang , Tao Xie

We present a workflow and associated toolkit to automate the creation of graphical user interfaces (GUI) for executables run from command line interfaces (CLI). The workflow consists of three phases, namely (Step 1) the plugin design, (Step…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Sikao Guo , Edoardo Sarti , Frédéric Cazals

Modeling user interfaces (UIs) from visual information allows systems to make inferences about the functionality and semantics needed to support use cases in accessibility, app automation, and testing. Current datasets for training machine…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jason Wu , Siyan Wang , Siman Shen , Yi-Hao Peng , Jeffrey Nichols , Jeffrey P. Bigham

Generative AI technologies promise to transform the product development lifecycle. This study evaluates the efficiency gains, areas for improvement, and emerging challenges of using GitHub Copilot, an AI-powered coding assistant. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Ruchika Pandey , Prabhat Singh , Raymond Wei , Shaila Shankar

Traditionally, designs are written in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and debugged by hardware engineers. While this approach is effective, it is time-consuming and error-prone for complex designs. Large language models (LLMs)…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Shailja Thakur , Jason Blocklove , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri